城市近郊菜地土壤和蔬菜重金属含量分析与研究

为了解城市近郊菜地土壤、蔬菜中Zn、Cd、Pb、Cu含量间的关系,选取贵阳市花溪区为研究区,采集研究区菜地土壤样本46个,蔬菜样本22个,分别测出土壤、蔬菜中重金属Zn、Cd、Pb、Cu的含量。结果表明:1)菜地土壤、蔬菜中4种重金属含量偏离均值,空间分布差异较大;2)菜地土壤中Zn、Cd元素来源可能相同;蔬菜中Cu与Zn元素相关性达极显著水平,Cu与Pb元素相关性达显著水平;3)蔬菜中的Zn、Cu主要来源于土壤;4)菜地土壤中4种重金属出现了不同程度的污染,其中受Zn元素影响较为明显。蔬菜受Cd、Pb元素污染相对严重。     

不同林龄木麻黄防护林对重金属的富集作用

为认识木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia)防护林带重金属消减效应,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定了福建省平潭国有防护林场林龄分别为5,15,20,30年的木麻黄小枝、细根、凋落物及林地土壤中5种重金属(Cr、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb)的含量.结果表明:平潭木麻黄林地土壤重金属Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量均低于福建省土壤和福建海岸带土壤的重金属含量背景值,未发现重金属污染;木麻黄Cr、Cd和Zn的平均含量高出普通植物的正常值范围,木麻黄中重金属含量依ZnCrPbCuCd顺序降低;木麻黄细根中的重金属含量最高,且细根对重金属的富集系数也最高;木麻黄对Cr、Cu、Zn、Cd的富集系数均大于1;木麻黄细根中Zn、Cu元素含量显著正相关;小枝对Cr、Cd和Pb,细根对Zn的富集系数均与林龄极显著正相关;木麻黄现存生物量中,Cr、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb的现存储量分别为3.06~3.46 kg/hm2,1.14~1.57kg/hm2,11.67~12.57 kg/hm2,0.05~0.09 kg/hm2和0.45~1.84 kg/hm2,且主要存在于根和树干中;随着林龄的增加,木麻黄积累大量的重金属,并达到其峰值.综上所述,木麻黄防护林在防风固沙的同时,能够吸收富集大量的重金属,对海岸带的重金属污染具有明显的消减作用.     

贵阳市表层土壤重金属污染元素之间的相关分析

主要介绍贵州省贵阳市0~20 cm表层土壤中我国《土壤环境质量标准》中规定含量的8种重金属环境污染元素(汞、镉、铅、铬、砷、锌、铜、镍)含量之间的相关性分析。本文得出达到极相关显著水平(P<0.01)的元素对有:As—Pb、Cd—Cr、N i—Cd、Cu—Cr、Cr—N i、Cr—Zn、Cu—N i、Cu—Pb、Cu—Zn、N i—Zn、Pb—Zn,达到相关显著水平(P<0.05)的元素对有:As—Zn、Cd—Hg、Cd—Zn、Pb—N i。并对相关原因作简单分析。     

南京莫愁湖沉积物中重金属污染调查

为了解南京莫愁湖沉积物中重金属的含量、污染程度,应用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱分析仪(ICP-AES)对沉积物中Cd,Cr,Cu,Mn,Ni,Pb,Zn等7种重金属的含量进行分析,并应用地累积指数法计算各种重金属的污染指数,评价各种重金属所引起的污染程度。分析结果表明:莫愁湖沉积物中重金属含量由大到小的排列顺序为:Mn,Zn,Pb,Cu,Cr,Ni,Cd;应用地累积指数法计算得出莫愁湖表层沉积物中主要重金属污染元素为Cd,处于偏重的污染程度,其次为Pb,Zn,污染程度为轻度污染,而Cr,Cu,Mn和Ni没有引起污染,处于清洁状态;沉积物垂向上Mn和Zn含量变化较大,主要的重金属污染元素为Cd,Pb,Zn。     

涠洲岛珊瑚骨骼重金属水平及其生物富集效应

前人研究表明珊瑚骨骼中重金属元素的含量能有效指示其生存的海水环境状况。本文在涠洲岛海域的6个站位采集了3种18个珊瑚样品,室内测试了这些珊瑚样品的5类重金属元素(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr)的含量,进而探讨了涠洲岛海域的重金属状况。结果表明:(1)除Cu含量存在显著的珊瑚种间差异外,其余4种重金属元素没有明显的种间差异性;(2)与其他区域珊瑚骨骼重金属含量相比较,涠洲岛珊瑚的Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr的含量相对较低,但Zn的含量相对较高;(3)涠洲岛西岸海域的重金属元素含量高于东岸,这与当地的石油开采平台、船舶运输以及岛上石油终端处理厂的活动有关;(4)珊瑚骨骼对这5种重金属元素的的富集存在一定的种间差异,如帛琉蜂巢珊瑚对Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd的富集作用最强,十字牡丹珊瑚则对Pb的生物富集作用最强。     

黄石典型城市小型浅水湖泊沉积物重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险评价

采集青山湖(4号湖)18个样点共计50个沉积物样品,分析了Cu、Pb、Cr、Cd、Ni、Hg、As和Zn等8种重金属的分布特征,并采用内梅罗综合污染指数法、地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法进行生态风险评价.结果显示,除Hg和Ni外,其它重金属的平均含量均超出湖北省A层土壤元素背景值以及全国土壤环境质量标准(GB 15618-1995)的限值,以Cd污染最严重,其次依次为Cu、Zn、Pb、As等;且每种重金属空间分布的差异性不大.内梅罗综合污染指数评价显示,青山湖沉积物大部分重金属指标处于V级严重污染状态,污染程度由高至低依次为:Cd Cu Pb Zn As Cr Ni;地累积指数评价表明,沉积物重金属污染程度由高至低依次为:Cd Cu Zn Pb As Cr Ni;潜在生态危害指数评价表明,青山湖所有样点重金属均表现出很强的潜在生态风险,风险由强到弱依次为:Cd Cu Pb As Zn Ni Cr,其中Cd的生态风险贡献率达90.25%.研究表明,青山湖沉积物重金属污染严重,其中Cd为最主要的污染元素,潜在生态风险极高,其次为Cu、Pb、Zn、As.     

吉林中部黑土区春秋两季土壤重金属元素转化研究

针对春、秋两季松花江流域和辽河流域的吉林中部黑土区土壤重金属元素有效性转化问题,利用有效系数指标,采用相关性分析等方法,研究了流域土壤重金属元素转化效率的特征及影响因素.结果表明:吉林中部黑土区Cr、Cu、Ni元素的转化效率春季高于秋季,As、Cd、Zn、Pb的转化效率春季低于秋季;春、秋季As、Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb的转化效率松花江流域低于辽河流域,表现了季节和物源不同重金属元素转化效率的显著差异性.As、Cd、Zn、Pb的有效系数与全量之间具有显著相关关系,Cr、Cu、Ni的转化效率与元素全量无关;重金属元素转化效率之间具有明显的协同和拮抗作用.Cd、Cr、Ni、Zn的转化效率与土壤pH呈显著负相关;Cu与Pb的转化效率与土壤pH呈显著正相关;As、Cr、Cu、Pb的转化效率与有机质含量呈显著负相关.     

兰州市城关区街尘重金属的分布特征、赋存形态及环境风险评价

对兰州市城关区地表灰尘中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd 5种重金属的质量分数及存在形态进行分析研究.结果表明:兰州市城关区街尘中的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd的质量分数分别是8.568×10~(-5)、2.274×10~(-4)、9.636×10~(-5)、9.478×10~(-5)、8.40×10~(-7),均高于世界、中国、兰州市土壤元素背景值,但在全国范围内处于中等偏下水平.商业区Cu、Pb、Cr质量分数最高,居民区Zn、Cd质量分数最高,各功能区之间街尘重金属元素的质量分数不存在显著差异.Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr在街尘中主要以残渣态形式存在,Cd以铁锰氧化物形式占比最高.5种重金属的生物有效性为CdZnCu、CrPb.潜在生态风险评价法结果表明商业区、居民区和高校校园街尘重金属达到中等水平潜在生态危害,其中Cd污染贡献最大.     

公路旁侧土壤-植物系统中的重金属分布特征

对内蒙古西部地区国道公路旁侧土壤与植物中重金属（Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、As和Se）含量以及土壤重金属（Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr）形态进行测定,分析了公路旁侧土壤和植物油松（Pinus tabulae formis）、小叶杨（Populus simonii）中重金属元素含量特征,分析该区域土壤的重金属分布状况以及重金属的生物有效性。结果表明：Cd、Pb、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Hg、As、Se的含量随距公路垂直距离的分布并不是简单的线性负相关关系。土壤重金属元素的吸附及污染程度以Cd为最高,土壤中Cd、Pb含量偏高可能因为机动车辆运行导致向公路两旁释放Cd、Pb元素。并在土壤中沉积所致。重金属在植物体不同器官中的含量存在一定差异。植物的根部和茎叶中重金属的含量均表现出“N”字形变动趋势。重金属元素有效态占总量百分比的大小序列与重金属元素在不同植物不同器官中的含量大小序列基本相同,5种重金属元素有效态占总量百分比的大小序列为：c（Zn）〉c（Pb）〉c（Ni）、c（Cr）〉c（Cu）,与重金属元素在不同植物不同器官中的含量大小序列趋于一致。     

南京市几种行道树年轮重金属元素含量的变化

通过对南京市区干道行道树3个树种树木年轮中重金属元素Cd、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni、Pb、Ti、Zn等9种元素的含量分析,发现自20世纪60年代以来,南京市行道树树木年轮中重金属元素含量总体上均表现出随时间逐渐上升的趋势,特别从1990年开始,南京市行道树树木年轮重金属元素含量的增长规律与南京市机动车的拥有量的变化规律表现出极显著的正相关关系,说明南京市机动车拥有量的增加应该是城市环境污染的主要因素之一。对比分析还发现,元素Cd、Ni、Pb、Zn增长幅度最为显著,可用于环境重金属监测。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.