复杂结构井蒸汽吞吐影响因素及优化研究

利用复杂结构井技术开发稠油油藏,可提高稠油油藏的动用程度,注汽开采时优势更明显,可有效增加波及范围,从而大幅度提高采收率。目前对复杂结构井产能预测模型的研究远落后于矿场实际应用,预测结果与实际生产效果出入较大,尤其是对复杂结构井注蒸汽热采,考虑多因素条件下很难求得解析解。根据某油田已实施的多口复杂结构井蒸汽吞吐实际数据,利用灰色关联方法,以初期产能作为参考序列,油层厚度、渗透率、复杂结构井长度、井距、夹角、注汽参数等作为比较序列,最终依据关联度计算公式得到不同影响因素的关联度,并对复杂结构井开发效果的影响因素及其程度进行评价,得出影响复杂结构井蒸汽吞吐效果的主控因素,并针对主控因素进行了优化研究,为稠油油藏利用复杂结构井进行蒸汽吞吐开采提供了必要的技术参考依据。     

分注分采井下工具及配套工艺技术探究

针对油层动用程度低,部分油层未动用是蒸汽吞吐阶段主要问题,研制开发了分注分采系列工艺技术,通过该系列技术的实施来改进注汽井的注汽方式,调整吸汽剖面,改善注汽效果。该系列技术适用于油层渗透率错综复杂且符合射孔完井、油层井段固井质量合格、套管无重大变形、吸汽剖面资料比较明显的油井。并根据各油层或各组油层的不同特性进行配汽,同时也就大大平衡了油层纵向吸汽不均的矛盾。     

复杂结构水平井产能关系研究

通过分析多底井油藏内的渗流特征,建立了复杂结构井的概念,并对影响复杂结构井的产能因素进行了正交数值实验研究.结果表明,分支水平井的分支长度和分支井数是影响产能的主要因素,二者的影响程度相当,增加分支长度或分支井数均可以增大泄油范围,进一步增加油井产能.有限导流条件下复杂结构水平井的产能关系呈非线性特征,不同分支井条件下的产能增比与分支井数和分支长度组合数呈指数变化特征.复杂结构井的产能关系式能够涵盖常规水平井,具有水平井产能关系的一般性特征.     

洼38断块蒸汽吞吐优化设计研究

根据多油层层间热干扰、多吞吐周期剩余热量以及注汽过程中的蒸汽超覆等问题，建立了完善的蒸汽吞吐解析模型，并提出由油层平均温度计算井底流体温度的方法，为了预测蒸汽吞吐井产能，提出了不同采出程度阶段下流入动态关系的处理方法，编制了相应的计算软件，结合洼３８断块蒸汽吞吐热采实际，在历史拟合基础上优选出注汽参数和多吞吐周期注汽方案，为洼３８断块稠油整体吞吐开发提供决策理论依据．     

复杂结构水平井产能关系研究

通过分析多底井油藏内的渗流特征，建立了复杂结构井的概念，并对影响复杂结构井的产能因素进行了正交数值实验研究。结果表明，分支水平井的分支长度和分支井数是影响产能的主要因素，二者的影响程度相当，增加分支长度或分支井数均可以增大泄油范围，进一步增加油井产能。有限导流条件下复杂结构水平井的产能关系呈非线性特征，不同分支井条件下的产能增比与分支井数和分支长度组合数呈指数变化特征。复杂结构井的产能关系式能够涵盖常规水平井，具有水平井产能关系的一般性特征。     

多分支井结构优化研究

本文调阅了关于多分支井的产能预测与计算的文献,同时本实验针对多分支井的分支数目、位置与长度等结构设计实验、展开实验,得出了在实验压力的条件下,最佳泥砂比为1:5、水灰比0.51;得出产能最高的分支井结构特征,并最终得出成果。结论显示:随着分支距离油层中部越近,分支井的波及效率越高,分支井的总产能越大;随着分支数目的增加,产能减少,但产能减少的速度减缓,产能最终趋向于稳定;随着分支增长,分支井的产能随之增加,但产能增速减缓。     

洼38断块蒸汽吞吐优化设计研究

根据多油层层间热干扰，多吞吐周期剩余热量以及注汽过程中的蒸汽超覆等问题，建立了完善的蒸汽吞吐解析模型，并提出由油层平均温度计算井底流体温度的方法，为了预测蒸汽吞吐井产能，提出了不同采出程度阶段下流入动态关系的处理方法，编制了相应的计算软件，结合洼３８断块蒸汽吞吐热采实际，在历史拟合基础上优出注汽参数和多吞吐周期注汽方案，为洼３８断块稠油整体吞吐开发提供决策理论依据。     

注汽井的注汽动态计算

根据注汽过程中油管和油层流体相互联系的实际情况，提出了油管流动和油层渗流相互协调计算的数学模型，通过分析得到了一定注汽条件和油层特性下最大注汽流量的计算方法，为注汽方案的设计和油藏数值模拟流量的选择提供了依据，并进一步分析和计算了油井深度、油层特性及井口注汽压力对最大注汽流量的影响．研究表明，在油藏数值模拟和选择注汽方案时，注汽流量必须适宜，即与油层的吸汽能力相互协调．     

注汽井的注汽动态计算

根据注汽过程中油管和油层流体相互联系的实际情况，提出了油管流动和油层渗流相互协调计算的数学模型。通过分析得到了一定注汽条件和油层特性下最大注汽流量的计算方法，为注汽方案的设计和油藏数值模拟流量的选择提供了依据，并进一步分析和计算了油井浓度、油层特性及井口注汽压力对最大注汽流量的影响。     

基于电模拟实验的多分支井产能研究

基于水电相似原理,设计分支井的电模拟实验.研究了分支数目、分支角度、模型电阻、注入井位置等参数对分支井产能的影响和各个分支对油井产能的贡献度.结果表明:产能随着分支角度和分支数目的增加而增大,但增加趋势逐渐变缓.分支井的分支与水平段间存在干扰导致每个分支的产能贡献度有差别;注入井位置对油井产量影响很大,选择合适的注采井网对多分支水平井的生产至关重要.实验结果为优化分支井的形态和注采井网提供了依据.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.