脱铝USY催化剂上柠檬酸三丁酯的合成

对超稳Y沸石(USY)进行水蒸气和硝酸铵水溶液脱铝,并采用过量浸渍法制备脱铝USY负载磷钨酸(PW)催化剂,使用氨程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)技术表征其酸性质,并在柠檬酸与正丁醇的酯化反应中考察其催化性能.结果表明:催化剂的酸量和酸强度与USY脱铝程度相关,水蒸气脱铝后的USY1具有较大酸量和适宜的酸强度.USY1催化剂具有最大的柠檬酸转化率(97.3％),柠檬酸正三丁酯的选择性为98.8％,适宜反应条件为反应温度110℃,反应时间90 min;反应4次后柠檬酸的转化率保持在80％以上,产品选择性高于98％.     

萘与异丙醇在脱Al超稳Y沸石催化剂上的烷基化

采用水蒸气和NH4NO3水溶液对超稳Y沸石(USY)进行脱Al,并采用过量浸渍法制备了脱Al USY负载磷钨酸(PW)催化剂,用X射线衍射(XRD)、液N2吸附脱附和吸附吡啶红外(PyIR)技术对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明:水蒸气脱铝后的USY保持了较高的比表面积、较高的相对结晶度、规则的孔径分布和较大的L酸量.萘与异丙醇烷基化反应结果表明:水蒸气脱铝USY催化剂具有最大的萘转化率92.3%和45.9%的DIPN选择性,其中βIPN选择性达到94.4%,β,β′位选择性为85.3%,适宜反应条件为活化温度550 ℃,反应温度160 ℃,平衡时间150 min;反应4次后萘的转化率保持在73%以上,β,β′DIPN选择性无明显下降.     

脱铝丝光沸石吸附性质的研究

用水蒸汽热处理和酸洗交替进行的方法,将丝光沸石脱铝以提高沸石的硅铝此,制得了一系列不同硅铝比的脱铝丝光沸石样品,用化学分析X衍射、电子显微镜、高真空吸附、热谱法对所得各样品进行研究,结果显示出:脱铝丝光沸石随脱铝次数增多,其憎水性明显增加,与此同时,其晶胞参数也随硅铝比的增加而减小,但在脱铝到第4—5次时,即硅铝此约为50左右时,吸附容量和晶胞常数都发生突变。说明丝光沸石随着脱铝过程的进行,不但形成三Si—O—Si三键,而且还说明了在此过程中,丝光沸石的结构发生了重排。我们认为脱铝丝光沸石对水的吸附容量的降低,主要不是由于在脱铝过程中形成了无定形的硅酸盐所引起的,而是丝光沸石在脱铝过程中形成憎水的Si—O—Si键,晶胞收缩和结构重排都是引起吸附性质改变的主要原因。     

正戊烷在超稳Y型分子筛上的裂化活性及其动力学分析

研究了正戊烷在不同硅铝比和结晶度时不同类型的超稳Y型分子筛(USY)上的裂化活性.实验结果表明,随着裂化反应时间的增加,正戊烷在不同类型的超衙穗Y型分子筛上裂化活性的自然衰减程度各不相同,准稳态活性顺序为RE-USY>H-USY>USY>RE-Y>Na-Y.用独立减活的简单动力学模型处理数据,其结果表明,正戊烷在USY和H-USY上的裂化反应活化能基本接近,约为62～65kJ/mol.     

溶液中固体催化剂表面酸量的紫外光谱分析

采用了一种新的定量测定固体酸催化剂表面酸量的方法。以不已烷为溶剂,吡啶和2,6－二甲基吡啶为吸附质,用紫外光谱法定量分析脱铝超稳Y沸石（DUSY,硅铝比为13．58）的吸附量,由此得出B酸量和L酸量。结果表明,该方法快速、准确。     

HY沸石表面酸性的红外和紫外光谱研究

HY型沸石经过400℃真空煅烧,150℃吸附吡啶,分别在150℃、200℃、250℃、300℃、350℃真空脱附,先由红外光谱测得吸附在Lewis酸(简称L酸)和Bronsted酸(简称B酸)中心的吡啶吸收峰消光度(频率分别为1453cm~(-1)和1543cm~(-1)),然后,由紫外光谱测定其吡啶含量。求得两个红外吸收峰的消光系数为:ε~L=0.095±0.005cm~2/μmol,εB=0.065±0.004cm~2/μmol,计算了两种酸的酸量。测定了HY沸石和超稳Y沸石表面酸的酸强度分布。HY沸石的总酸量比超稳Y高,超稳Y酸强度比HY强。稳定化过程使总酸量减小,酸强度增加。在HY沸石中,L酸酸量随煅烧温度升高而升高,B酸酸量在300℃左右煅烧时达到最大,总酸量在300—350℃煅烧时出现最大。这与HY沸石催化苯的烷基化反应转化率比较,催化活性和总酸量存在密切联系。     

合成条件对电解锰渣制备沸石过程中沸石种类和性能的影响

采用X线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)和阳离子交换容量测试(CEC,cation exchange capacity)等手段,研究由电解锰渣合成沸石过程中反应体系初始硅铝物质的量比、反应温度、反应时间等合成条件对沸石种类及其CEC的影响。研究结果表明:随着初始硅铝物质的量比的增加,合成沸石的纯度和CEC均降低,但随着反应温度和反应时间的增加,合成沸石的纯度和CEC则随之增加。基于沸石产品纯度及CEC,制备沸石材料的优化条件为:反应体系初始硅铝物质的量比1.5,反应温度100℃,反应时间1.5 h,在此条件下制备的沸石材料主要以A型沸石为主,CEC为3.45 mmol/g,产品主要由立方体状晶体组成,结晶度较高,非常适合作为吸附材料使用。     

CHZ(SRNY)裂化催化剂

CHZ(SRNY)裂化催化剂主要适用于加工掺炼渣油的流分催化裂化。该催化剂是由含沉积稀土、硅氧化物的超稳Y分子筛和担体两部分组成的微球裂化催化剂,其核心技术是超稳Y分子筛(SRNY)的制备。把沉积稀土和硅氧化物或氢氧化物均匀分散在由交换方法制得的NH_4Y分子筛中,混合物进行水热焙烧,在水热过程中用沉积氧化稀土控制脱铝速度,并用外加硅源一步实现水热处理及骨架     

脱铝丝光沸石催化性质的研究

用水蒸汽热处理和酸洗交替进行的方法,将氢型丝光沸石脱铝,用脉冲色谱法对所得样品进行催化性质的研究。结果显示出,样品的活性中心数目随硅铝比的改变而发生变化,异丙苯裂解和二甲苯异构化反应的催化活性也发生变化。我们认为脱铝丝光沸石催化性质的改变,主要是由于在脱铝过程中,晶体结构发生改变所致。     

流动体系中溢流氢在苯加氢催化反应中的作用

在连续常压固定床反应器上考察了Pt/Al2O3分别和惰性石英砂、脱铝Y沸石、WO3/Al2O3等组成的机械混合物上苯加氢反应的性能.发现虽然Y沸石本身没有加氢活性,但它的加入可以显著提高Pt/Al2O3的活性,因为在Pt中心上得到活化的氢可以快速溢流到邻近的沸石颗粒表面的酸中心上,并和吸附在其上的苯发生加氢反应生成环己烷和甲基环戊烷.由于深度脱铝的Y沸石表面酸中心数减少而导致其上的甲基环戊烷的选择性降低.对于Pt/Al2O3和WO3/Al2O3的机械混合物来说,未在流动体系中观察到活性显著提高的现象.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.