中国大气Ca2+传输和沉降模拟

盐基阳离子(Ca2 ,Mg2 ,K ,Na )在缓解土壤和水体酸化中起着重要作用。为了满足中国酸沉降控制的需要,该研究利用建立的多层动态Euler模型模拟中国大气Ca2 传输和沉降。结果表明:2000年中国的Ca2 总沉降量为5.29 Mt,其中湿沉降1.45 Mt,干沉降3.84 Mt。人为源排放对全国总沉降、湿沉降和干沉降的贡献率分别为67.1%、92.4%和57.6%,对东南部地区的贡献率更大,而自然源仅对西北地区的沉降起重要作用。中国酸沉降较为严重的东南部地区,Ca2 沉降量普遍大于0.10 kmol.hm-2.a-1,甚至超过0.25 kmol.hm-2.a-1,能够中和大部分的SO42-沉降。     

中国大气Ca~(2 )传输和沉降模拟

盐基阳离子(Ca2 ,Mg2 ,K ,Na )在缓解土壤和水体酸化中起着重要作用。为了满足中国酸沉降控制的需要,该研究利用建立的多层动态Euler模型,模拟了中国大气Ca2 传输和沉降。结果表明,2000年中国的Ca2 总沉降量为5.29Mt,其中湿沉降1.45Mt,干沉降3.84Mt。人为源排放对全国总沉降、湿沉降和干沉降的贡献率分别为67.1%、92.4%和57.6%,对东南部地区的贡献率更大;而自然源仅对西北地区的沉降起重要作用。中国酸沉降较为严重的东南部地区,Ca2 沉降量普遍大于0.10kmol.hm-2.a-1,甚至超过0.25kmol.hm-2.a-1,能够中和大部分的SO42-沉降。     

韶山森林生态系统硫沉降临界负荷

MAGIC和SMART模型在计算临界负荷时均存在一定的局限,但二者机理较为类似,考虑的主要反应过程可以相互补充．为了准确地计算硫沉降临界负荷,将MAGIC模型与SMART模型相结合,模拟了一定酸沉降量下生态系统化学状态随时间变化的趋势,并计算出韶山硫沉降临界负荷为1．76keq（hm^2·a）^-1．通过与MAGIC模型计算的硫沉降临界负荷2．28keq（hm^2·a）^-1比较,用MAGIC和SMART模型相结合的方法计算临界负荷更接近实测值．     

用SMB法确定中国土壤的营养氮沉降临界负荷

为了对中国的氮沉降控制提供依据,确定了土壤的氮矿化速率、反硝化速率和临界氮淋溶速率以及植被对氮的吸收速率等参数,运用简单质量平衡法(SMB)对营养氮沉降临界负荷进行了计算和区划。结果表明:中国土壤营养氮沉降临界负荷的分布总体上呈现自西向东逐渐增加的格局,青藏高原和内蒙西部、新疆东部等地区(温带、亚热带高寒草原、温带高寒矮半灌木荒漠和温带矮半灌木荒漠)临界负荷小于0.5kmol.hm-2.a-1,而超过国土面积2/3的大部分地区则大于1.0kmol.hm-2.a-1。     

地表水体下厚煤层综放工作面安全开采技术

为了保证地表水体下综放工作面安全回采.以山西某矿为试验矿井,采用钻孔电视和分段注水试验对矿井导水裂缝带发育高度进行探测,对地表沉降进行了监测分析,并对水体下工作面开采进行了涌水量监测,实现了水体下工作面的安全回采.研究结果表明:厚煤层综放工作面导水裂缝带发育高度为119.7～127.2 m,裂采比为19.9～21.1;工作面回采前裂隙数量为1～2条,宽度以4 mm为主.当工作面回采后,在132～148 m范围内,裂隙数量最多增加到7条,裂隙宽度可达8 mm.在148～160 m范围内,裂隙数量和宽度与工作面回采前持平;工作面回采后,地表最终产生拉裂缝,最大深度为6.5 m,不会造成地表河水的突然下泻;地表水体下工作面回采过程中无留设保护煤柱,最大涌水量与非水体下工作面开采持平,工作面回采过程中地表水未进入到工作面,实现了安全回采,为类似矿井提供了借鉴.     

地表水沿裂缝带入渗对路基路面的影响

针对地表水沿断裂及地裂缝带入渗引起的地表不均匀差异沉降变形对公路路基路面的影响,在综合分析地表水入渗作用机理的基础上,运用大型通用岩土数值分析软件MIDAS/GTS,研究了地裂缝、活断层环境下地表水入渗对公路路基路面的影响效应。研究结果表明,路基底面在公路重力作用下将随着地表一起下沉,路基底面的变形曲线与地面的沉降曲线基本一致,路面及路基底面的受力状态主要由地表不均匀沉降曲线控制。     

重庆地区 20 年间紫色土酸化研究

以酸沉降危害严重的重庆市为研究区域,对其主要农业土壤--紫色土进行大面积土壤酸化调查,与20世纪80年代中期重庆市土壤普查的保留样品进行对比分析研究,以探讨近20年来酸沉降对紫色土的危害程度.结果表明:与20世纪80年代中期比较,目前重庆市农用地和蔬菜地中的石灰性紫色土减少,而酸性和强酸性紫色土增加;同时,农用地的土壤交换性酸和交换性铝均有一定程度的上升.证实了在近20年的酸沉降影响下,重庆市大部分紫色土已发生酸化,且酸化程度日益加深.     

信江流域地表水重金属来源及污染风险分析

探究信江流域地表水重金属的来源及污染特征,从地表水-地下水资源的角度,运用多元统计和美国环保署(United States Environmental Protcction Agency, USEPA)健康风险评价模型分析水体重金属的分布特征、污染来源及其对人体健康产生的风险。结果表明：地表水与地下水9种重金属初始来源不同,但局部的水力联系造成水体重金属出现同步富集现象;地表水重金属Mn、Fe、Cu和Zn主要来自工业生产废水、废渣排放,Cd、Cr和Sr主要代表农业、渔业和生活废水排放等人为污染源,Ba和V主要源于矿物的自然风化侵蚀溶解作用;致癌重金属Cr和Cd高出可接受健康风险值2～3个数量级,是人体健康需要重点考虑的一级污染物,非致癌重金属V和Mn也需要特别关注。研究成果为南方集中式地表水源地保护和安全评价提供了参考依据。     

酸沉降的形成、危害及其防治

酸沉降是大气中的酸通过降水，或在含酸气团气流的作用下直接迂移到地表，由此而造成环境酸化。造成环境酸污染的主要原因是燃烧煤和石油，其危害极为严重。我国已把环境保护作为一项基本国策，提高全民族的环境意识是加强环境保护的重要措施之一。参４。     

基于球谐变换及负荷响应解算地表三维形变

地表水储量发生大幅度迁移时会引起周边区域的地表形变,严重时导致地质灾害的发生,因此,对地表形变的监测预测具有重要意义。针对该现象提出一种基于球谐变换及负荷响应理论解算由于水体大幅变化引起的地表三维形变的方法。模拟以水体为质量中心的载荷模型时,基于研究区域的数字高程模型(digital elevation model, DEM)数据创建平均水厚栅格矩阵,其空间分辨率可精确至1.1 km左右。基于负荷响应理论将平均水厚栅格矩阵进行球谐展开,通过保留更高阶次的谐波信息,解算出更精确的地表三维形变及其时间序列。以三峡水库为实例进行方法验证,反演过程中等效水高的误差率可降低至0.742%,且垂直形变时间序列的趋势与负荷格林方法的解算结果具有较好的一致性。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.