AZ31镁合金微区电偶腐蚀的数值研究

结合水平集函数方法及移动网格技术,利用有限元法模拟分析了离散型β相分布和连续型β相分布的AZ31镁合金在NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为,通过解Nernst-Planck方程得到腐蚀过程中AZ31镁合金/NaCl界面的电势、氯离子及镁离子浓度分布,并通过扫描离子选择性电极实验验证了此模拟方法的可行性.模拟分析表明,当β相离散分布在α相周边时,在与β相相邻的α相区域腐蚀速率最快,形成腐蚀缩颈坑,坑内氯离子富集,进一步加速了α相的腐蚀,最终β相逐渐脱离合金进入溶液;当β相连续分布在α相周边时,α相不断被腐蚀,最终α相全部溶解而只剩β相,求解随即停止.扫描离子选择性电极实验结果表明此模拟模型可以对镁合金的电化学腐蚀进行较好预测和判断.     

AZ31镁合金在模拟体液中的腐蚀行为研究

采用析氢实验和电化学测试技术,并结合三维显微技术研究H2PO-4、HCO-3以及pH值对AZ31镁合金在模拟体液中腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明,H2PO-4和HCO-3对AZ31镁合金在NaCl溶液中的腐蚀具有一定的缓蚀效果,在NaCl+KH2PO4和NaCl+NaHCO3溶液中浸泡54h后,AZ31镁合金表面起伏幅度由在NaCl溶液中的150μm分别降至55μm和80μm左右,但表面均出现不同程度的局部腐蚀倾向;随着pH值上升,AZ31镁合金在Hank’s液中的腐蚀速率下降,但pH值越高,AZ31镁合金在受到阳极极化时的局部腐蚀倾向也越大。     

Cl^-浓度和pH值对AZ31镁合金腐蚀行为的影响

研究了AZ31镬合金在不同Cl-浓度和pH值的NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为,从腐蚀形貌和腐蚀速率等方面对其进行了定性和定量描述,并对其腐蚀机理进行了探讨.经NaCl溶液腐蚀的AZ31镁合金呈现出明显的点蚀特征.随着Cl-浓度的增大,金属的阳极溶解和局部腐蚀加剧,AZ31镁合金的腐蚀速率也急剧增加,腐蚀程度加重.同时,溶液pH值的增大有利于AZ31镬合金表面形成更稳定的Mg(OH)2钝化膜.于是,随着溶液pH值从7增大到12,AZ31镁合金的腐蚀速率减小,耐腐蚀性能增强.     

快速凝固工艺对AZ91HP镁合金腐蚀性能的影响

通过铜模铸造制备快速凝固的AZ91HP镁合金.利用失重法及动电位极化曲线研究了常规铸造AZ91HP和快速凝固AZ91HP镁合金样品在NaCl腐蚀介质中的耐腐蚀性能;通过金相显微镜（OM）、扫描电镜（SEM）及X射线衍射（XRD）分析了腐蚀后合金微观组织及相结构.结果表明,快速凝固的AZ91HP镁合金具有更好的耐腐蚀性能.其主要原因是经快速凝固工艺后：①β-Mg17Al12相近似连续地分布于细小的α-Mg晶界上;②合金的元素分布更加均匀;③合金显微缩松减少.     

La含量对AZ91镁合金耐蚀性能的影响

利用失重法和动电位极化法研究了添加La(w(La)=0%～0.65%)的AZ91合金在质量分数为3.5%的NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为,用SEM、EDS、XRD的表征结果分析La对AZ91镁合金腐蚀速率、腐蚀形貌、腐蚀电位及腐蚀电流的影响,并探讨其作用机理。结果表明,静态失重实验中,随La含量的增加,AZ91镁合金的腐蚀速率明显降低;电化学实验中,随La含量的增加,镁合金的腐蚀电位提高,腐蚀电流降低;当La的质量分数为0.16%时,AZ91镁合金的耐蚀性能最好,其腐蚀速率从8mg/(cm2.d)降低到2 mg/(cm2.d),腐蚀电位由-1.400 V提高至-1.328 V,腐蚀电流由0.527 mA降低到0.014 mA。La的加入对AZ91镁合金耐蚀性的机理是:La可使晶粒细化,改变β相的形貌,形成了强化相,并提高基体的电极电位,从而提高AZ91镁合金的耐蚀性能。     

Sn对AZ61镁合金腐蚀与电化学性能的影响

研究了Sn元素对AZ61镁合金阳极材料显微组织及其在3.5%的氯化钠溶液中的电化学性能和腐蚀速率.结果表明：Sn元素的加入抑制了β相的析出,生成了新的第二相,数量随着Sn含量的增加而增多;Sn元素的加入提高了AZ61镁合金阳极活性,改善了镁合金的电化学性能,随着Sn含量的增加,合金的自腐蚀电位负移,腐蚀速率稍有增加,恒电流放电电位负移,当Sn含量为3%时,AZ61-Sn镁合金阳极材料电化学综合性能明显优于AP65镁合金.     

β-Mg17Al12相含量对AZ91镁合金腐蚀行为的影响

采用不同的时效工艺制备不同β-Mg17Al12相含量的AZ91镁合金.通过在重量百分比为3.5%的NaCl水溶液静态浸泡腐蚀实验研究β相对镁合金腐蚀行为的影响,通过腐蚀形貌、腐蚀失重率及电化学腐蚀电流、电位等进行验证实验.结果表明AZ91镁合金的腐蚀过程主要分为α-Mg的溶解、微电偶腐蚀、Mg(OH)2钝化膜的形成及β...     

Mg-Al和Mg-Li镁合金板在NaCl水溶液中的腐蚀行为

采用电化学方法分别研究了AZ31镁合金轧制板、AZ80镁合金轧制板、ZE42镁合金热挤压板、LZ91镁合金轧制板和LA101镁合金热挤压棒等5种不同的镁合金在质量浓度为5.0%氯化钠水溶液中的腐蚀行为。采用失重法测量每一种合金的腐蚀速率,并且采用扫描电镜(SEM)观察了腐蚀产物的形貌,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析了每种镁合金的相组成。结果表明:电势分布较为均匀的镁合金可减小镁合金的微电偶腐蚀趋势,5种镁合金板(棒)材在NaCl水溶液中的腐蚀速率由低到高的顺序是:AZ80AZ31LA101LZ91ZE42。经36 h浸泡腐蚀后,在NaCl水溶液中镁合金表面主要被腐蚀产物Mg(OH)_2所覆盖,且随着浸泡时间延长,所有镁合金均呈现出明显的点蚀特征,阳极溶解和局部腐蚀程度加重,发生析氢反应,最后变为均匀腐蚀。     

AZ91D镁合金在含植酸NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为

植酸是从植物中提取的1种环保的化工原料,但其应用范围仍然有限．为探索植酸对镁合金在氯化钠溶液中腐蚀的作用及植酸对镁合金腐蚀的抑制作用,采用失重法及表面分析技术,研究了AZ91D压铸镁合金在不同pH值下1％植酸、0．5％NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为．不论失重实验还是扫描电子显微镜观察及能谱分析结果都表明,植酸对AZ91D镁合金在NaCl溶液的腐蚀具有明显的抑制作用。这种抑制作用是植酸和镁合金表面形成了化学转化膜等方式抑制．这层膜有效地阻止了侵蚀性阴离子Cl对镁合金的腐蚀．     

微量Ca和Sn对提高Mg–3Al–1Zn合金耐蚀性的作用

镁合金耐腐蚀性差极大限制了商用镁合金的广泛应用。微合金化是提高镁合金腐蚀性能最简单有效的方法。基于低成本合金成分设计，通过扫描开尔文探针力显微镜、析氢、电化学测试和腐蚀形态分析表征了含有微量 Ca 或 Sn 元素的商用 Mg–3Al–1Zn (AZ31) 合金的腐蚀行为。结果表明:在 AZ31 合金中，Al₂Ca/α-Mg和Mg₂Sn/α-Mg的电势差分别为 (230 ± 19) mV和(80 ± 6) mV，远低于Al₈Mn₅/α-Mg的电势差(430 ± 31) mV，即AZ31–0.2Sn合金的耐腐蚀性能最好，AZ31–0.2Ca 次之，而 AZ31 合金最差。此外，Sn溶入基体当中明显提高了α-Mg的电势，并在基体界面形成了致密的SnO₂膜，而Ca元素通过富集在腐蚀产物层当中，使得AZ31–0.2Ca/Sn合金的腐蚀产物层比AZ31合金更加致密、稳定和更具保护性。因此，含0.2wt% Ca或Sn元素的AZ31合金表现出优异的耐腐蚀性能，具有更全面的商业应用潜力。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.