超低渗油藏动态毛管压力研究

毛管压力对储层油水两相的渗流有重要影响。通过实验研究了超低渗储层的渗流阻力特征。在此基础上建立了考虑动态毛管压力的超低渗透储层油水两相渗流数学模型。分析了动态毛管压力的敏感因素和动态毛管压力对油水两相渗流的影响。研究表明:超低渗透油藏毛管压力的动态效应明显。动态毛管压力的τs因数或注入速度越大,动态毛管压力越大;水驱前缘处动态毛管压力最大,动态毛管压力的存在阻碍了油水前缘的推进速度,降低了产油量;对于水湿超低渗透油藏,动态毛管压力使含水率上升更快,而对于油湿性油藏来说,动态毛管压力的存在降低了含水率上升速度。研究成果对于认识超低渗透油层的油水两相渗流规律具有重要意义。     

低渗透均质油层超低界面张力体系驱替毛管数的研究

针对经典毛管数理论在低渗透油层超低界面张力体系驱替中应用的局限性,在考虑低渗透油层水驱油渗流速度、超低界面张力对油水相对渗透率影响的条件下,给出了毛管数的修正公式;依据均质低渗透岩心超低界面张力体系驱油实验数据绘制了化学驱采收率与毛管数的关系曲线,提出了超低界面张力体系驱替条件下应用毛管数的注意事项,指出了用超低界面张力体系提高水驱低渗透油层采收率的合理途径.     

岩心油水两相渗流启动压力梯度实验研究

为了搞清油藏储层油水两相渗流启动压力梯度特点及其影响因素,对不同渗透率岩心水驱油两相渗流的启动压力梯度进行了室内实验测定,根据实验现象和实验结果,分析了产生启动压力的岩心孔隙内部的阻力效应。研究结果表明：气体渗透率小于50×10-3μm2的低渗岩心具有较大的启动压力梯度,且随渗透率降低,启动压力梯度快速增加,岩心内含水饱和度越高,启动压力梯度越大;气体渗透率大于50×10-3μm2中高渗岩心启动压力梯度随渗透率变化不大,且数值较小,随岩心含水饱和度增加而降低;产生启动压力的阻力效应大小和岩石的润湿性、毛管压力、微观孔隙的油水分布状态、固液界面张力及孔喉半径有关。对于低渗透油藏,岩心的润湿指数越大,含水饱和度越高,固液界面张力越大,所产生的油水两相阻力效应越大,岩心启动压力梯度就越大。     

基于Level Set方法的微观窜流特征研究

达西定律渗流理论以对油水运移规律的研究仍停留在宏观尺度上,很多微观机理无法考虑,窜流形成时的微观孔道中油水运移特征未能体现清楚。本文建立二维微观孔隙模型,引入Level Set方法对油水两相界面进行追踪,采用有限元方法对两相数值模型进行求解。在玻璃刻蚀平面驱替实验的基础上,建立并联毛细管束模型。通过模拟不同驱替压差、润湿性以及界面张力等情况下的流动状态,结合二维孔隙数值模拟结果,给出了发生微观窜流的临界条件:在入口压力恒定时,水驱油速度逐渐变大;驱替压力增大时,大孔道中的两相流速增加比例更大;油水两相界面张力越大,壁面越亲油,越容易发生微观窜流。     

特低渗透油藏动态毛管压力对水驱油效果影响分析

特低渗透油藏油水两相渗流过程中毛管力的动态效应是影响两相渗流机理及水驱油效果的重要因素,掌握其规律有助于提高这一特殊油藏的水驱开发效果。分析了特低渗透油藏油水两相渗流中毛管力的动态效应以及动态毛管力的影响因素,定量研究了动态毛管力对多孔介质油水两相渗流的影响,建立了特低渗透油藏一维水驱油模型和渗流微分方程;并进行了求解。研究了动态毛管力、注水强度、井距等因素对特低渗透油藏水驱油效果的影响。研究结果表明:动态毛管力效应对特低渗油藏的水驱效果影响非常明显,动态毛管力越大,水驱油效果越差;存在一个最佳注入量,在最佳注入量下动态毛管力的影响作用最小,水驱油效果最好;对于特低渗透油藏若井距过大,水驱油效果变差。     

考虑润湿反转效应的相对渗透率动态计算方法

润湿反转剂是化学驱提高采收率常用试剂之一,润湿反转剂驱后将改变原始储层岩石性质,对开发中后期油水渗流能力产生较大影响。针对润湿反转过程中相对渗透率曲线难以确定的问题,综合考虑了润湿反转剂导致的界面张力降低及润湿性变化特征,建立了相对渗透率及毛管压力曲线动态计算方法,并分析了润湿反转过程中相对渗透率及毛管压力变化规律。研究表明：油水两相相渗曲线变化同时受到毛管数和润湿性的影响,低毛管数条件下,相渗曲线形态主要受到润湿性的影响,随着毛管数逐渐增大,润湿性的影响减小,最终可以忽略不计。同时,润湿反转剂使得界面张力和毛管力减小,将对渗吸过程产生显著影响,因此,在渗吸驱油过程中,需要对润湿反转剂进行优选,以实现对驱油速度和采收率目标的相对最优。研究结果明确了润湿反转提高采收率过程中相对渗透率及毛管压力的变化规律,为研究润湿反转提高采收率的计算及油藏数值模拟提供了理论基础。     

超低界面张力体系驱油方式与微观驱油效果

为了探索超低界面张力体系的驱油方式及其微观驱油效果,利用玻璃刻蚀的透明微观仿真孔隙模型,进行了2种模型、4种驱油方式共6个方案的BS13甜菜碱型表面活性剂及其与聚合物复配二元体系的微观驱油室内实验,并采用图像分析技术研究了不同驱油方式及其微观驱油效果.结果表明:在均质和非均质模型中,BS13甜菜碱型超低界面张力活性水都易于在水驱已形成的渗流通道中突进,使驱替效果变差,单纯用超低界面张力活性水段塞进行驱替,不能有效地提高采收率;超低界面张力二元复合体系能够有效地防止其沿水驱形成的渗流通道向前突进,具有较好的驱替效果;欲获得较高的采收率,不仅要尽量降低驱油体系与原油间的界面张力,而且要适当增加驱油体系的黏度.     

利用CT技术的超低渗岩心油水驱替特征研究

超低渗透油藏CT扫描技术能够观察水驱油过程中不同时刻各流体饱和度在岩心中的分布,以及驱替后残余油分布。通过CT扫描技术在模拟超低渗透储层水驱油过程中,测定不同时刻岩心流体饱和度,观察岩心内部油水两相饱和度变化和分布,分析水驱特征。发现在致密且孔喉分布相对均匀及毛管压力显著的岩心中,水相饱和度前缘剖面变化十分陡峭,岩心内部水相饱和度以类似"活塞"式向前驱替。水相突破后岩心内各断面上饱和度分布不再发生较大变化,岩心出口端面不再产油,驱替相水与被驱替相油之间油水共渗区极其狭窄。对于超低渗透岩心,产生"活塞"式驱替的临界端点流度比为0.029 55~0.211 35。     

微观非均质储层注水开发室内模拟及监测方法

储层微观非均质性普遍存在且影响着渗流特征。为了直观有效地表征和模拟储层微观非均质特征及其对水驱开发效果的影响,室内条件下研制了具有微观非均质特征的可视化填砂模型和砂岩岩心模型。分别采用录像观察和饱和度测试的方法,实验模拟并监测水驱开发动态,分析渗流特征及残余油的形成与分布,明确储层微观非均质性对注水开发效果的影响。两种模型实验结果表明:局部低渗形成的微观非均质性易使油水前缘不稳定,指进明显,出口见水较快,驱油效率较低;注水开发后微观非均质储层残余油主要分散分布在局部低渗部位以及低渗部位之间的水动力滞留带;通过录像方法能直观定性地跟踪水驱开发动态,而采用饱和度测试分析可以定量表征油水变化情况,两者相结合可以较全面分析微观非均质对渗流特征及水驱开发效果的影响。     

致密-低渗透油藏两相启动压力梯度变化规律

致密-低渗油藏油水两相渗流时存在启动压力梯度,导致基质中剩余油和残余油的驱动非常困难,水驱开采效果普遍较差。为了确定致密-低渗储层两相启动压力梯度变化规律,通过物理模拟方法研究了一维水驱油过程中两相启动压力梯度与平均含水饱和度之间的关系,并分析了两相启动压力梯度的形成原因。结果表明,两相启动压力梯度随平均含水饱和度增大先升高后降低,在油水前缘位于出口端附近时达到最大值;两相启动压力梯度最大值与岩心气测渗透率呈良好的幂函数关系,渗透率越低两相启动压力梯度最大值上升速度越快;同一岩心中两相启动压力梯度远大于原油启动压力梯度。可见致密-低渗油藏水驱过程中两相启动压力梯度随着油水前缘运移先增大后减小,同时油水间毛管力是两相启动压力梯度形成的主要原因。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the