葡萄牙松材线虫与其媒介昆虫之间的互作Pedro Miguel Naves, Luís Bonifácio, Edmundo Sousa

对松材线虫与其在葡萄牙和欧洲的媒介昆虫樟子松墨天牛（Monochamus galloprovincialis）进行了首次研究。在病死木中发现,松材线虫在天牛刚羽化时聚集在蛹室中,线虫主要集中在天牛的后胸部。天牛羽化后6周内,松材线虫主要在天牛成虫补充营养时进入新寄主树,其次在天牛产卵时也会进入寄主树。总的看来,松材线虫在欧洲与其携带天牛之间互作与其在亚洲与松墨天牛及在北美与卡来罗纳墨天牛之间的关系十分相似。经研究,影响线虫与天牛携带关系的因子有内源和外源两类因子,如化学气味和各种信号。但是,其他多数因子尚未了解。研究影响线虫与天牛携带关系的因子将有助于了解两种生物密切关系的内在机制,并有助于研发出新的防控方法。     

葡萄牙松材线虫与其媒介昆虫之间的互作

对松材线虫与其在葡萄牙和欧洲的媒介昆虫樟子松墨天牛(Monochamus galloprovincialis)进行了首次研究.在病死木中发现,松材线虫在天牛刚羽化时聚集在蛹室中,线虫主要集中在天牛的后胸部.天牛羽化后6周内,松材线虫主要在天牛成虫补充营养时进入新寄主树,其次在天牛产卵时也会进入寄主树.总的看来,松材线虫在欧洲与其携带天牛之间互作与其在亚洲与松墨天牛及在北美与卡来罗纳墨天牛之间的关系十分相似.经研究,影响线虫与天牛携带关系的因子有内源和外源两类因子,如化学气味和各种信号.但是,其他多数因子尚未了解.研究影响线虫与天牛携带关系的因子将有助于了解两种生物密切关系的内在机制,并有助于研发出新的防控方法.     

不同致病力线虫接种黑松后寄主体内组织病理学变化

分别用强、弱致病力松材线虫和无致病力拟松材线虫接种2年生黑松苗,发现不同致病力线虫在黑松苗体内的迁移特性不同,导致黑松苗产生的组织病理学变化也有差异.强致病力松材线虫扩散主要通过轴向树脂道在树体内上下扩散,通过径向树脂道在树体内向外扩散,并以此成为逾越形成层的通道,由于松属植物树脂道是遍布整个树体的一个"管网系统",所以线虫扩散速度快;弱致病力松材线虫扩散主要在皮层中,扩散速度慢,致病速度慢;无致病力拟松材线虫主要分布在皮层中,仅仅在少数皮层树脂道中发现线虫,而其对韧皮部、维管形成层细胞、木质部的射线细胞和树脂道周围的薄壁细胞未造成影响,也不能大量繁殖,因而对黑松不致病.无论是强致病力松材线虫还是弱致病力松材线虫接种后均未观察到线虫直接侵入松树形成层细胞,形成层细胞的死亡是一个渐进的过程,与线虫未到达的树脂道上皮细胞等薄壁细胞的死亡方式类似.     

松墨天牛取食期间传播松材线虫的特性

【目的】系统研究松墨天牛(Monochamus alternatus)羽化后传播松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)的起始和结束日期、传播松材线虫的数量及百分比、传播松材线虫数量的时间动态变化规律,以及天牛成虫携带松材线虫的数量、取食数量、寿命、传播松材线虫时长与数量之间的关系等,为松材线虫病的研究和防治提供理论参考。【方法】于松墨天牛羽化前在松材线虫病疫区收集松材线虫病病死马尾松疫木,将疫木截为1.0~1.5 m长木段并置于室外大养虫笼(2.0 m × 2.0 m × 2.0 m)中,在天牛羽化期间逐日收集新羽化的松墨天牛,并用1年生新鲜马尾松枝条(直径1~2 cm,长度25~30 cm)于室外养虫笼(0.5 m × 0.5 m × 0.5 m)中单只喂养。每3天更换1次枝条,并用测量纸测量天牛在枝条上的取食刻痕面积记为取食天牛数量,然后将枝条剪碎采用贝尔曼漏斗法分离天牛取食枝条中的松材线虫;统计每头松墨天牛每3天传播松材线虫的数量及传播松材线虫的起止日期。天牛死亡后将天牛剪碎用贝尔曼漏斗法分离天牛体内残余松材线虫,统计松墨天牛成虫寿命及携带松材线虫的数量。【结果】羽化初期传播松材线虫的天牛比例较低仅为16.7%,大多数(77.8%)松墨天牛集中在羽化后的7~12 d开始传播松材线虫。大多数(88.8%)松墨天牛在羽化后的16~30 d结束松材线虫传播。松墨天牛羽化初期传播线虫的数量较少,但1周后传播线虫数量迅速上升,并在天牛羽化后的12和24 d出现传播松材线虫的两次高峰;松墨天牛羽化1个月后维持在较低传播水平继续传播松材线虫至结束。松墨天牛携带松材线虫的平均数量为(4 303.3±7 399)条。大多数(94.4%)松墨天牛未能将携带的松材线虫全部传播到松枝上,平均传播松材线虫数量为(490.7±611.6)条,传播比例为29.8%。松墨天牛传播松材线虫的平均时长为(15.4±7.8) d。松墨天牛平均寿命为(37.8±5.6) d。【结论】雌雄松墨天牛羽化后起始传播松材线虫的日期无显著差异,但结束传播松材线虫的日期存在显著差异;松墨天牛起始传播松材线虫的日期较为集中,但结束传播松材线虫的日期较为分散,天牛传播松材线虫起止时间的特性可能与线虫在天牛体内的生理变化有关。雌雄天牛携带和传播松材线虫的数量无显著差异。雌雄天牛传播松材线虫数量的时间动态变化规律无显著差异。松墨天牛携带的线虫数量越多、传播松材线虫持续时间越长,则传播松材线虫的数量越多。松墨天牛传播松材线虫的时长不受天牛寿命以及天牛携带线虫数量的影响。松墨天牛传播线虫的数量与天牛寿命无关,但是松材线虫对天牛寿命有一定的负面影响。松墨天牛羽化后的取食量在整个成虫阶段一直保持较高水平,但无明显规律性,天牛取食数量与线虫传播量无相关性。     

松褐天牛传递松材线虫数量的研究

松褐天牛从取食开始到试验结束（50d），将松材线虫通过补充营养伤口传递到健康松树，取食到20d时传递的数量最多，每头694条，到第30天数量较多，在此之前和之后数量较少，每头100条左右。松褐天牛将60％的松材线虫传递到当年生树树，随着树枝年龄增加，传递数量减少。实验室和林间试验分离分离测计表明，松褐天牛的身体仍残留一定数量的松材线虫。     

利用腐生线虫加速替代疫木中松材线虫种群数量研究

【目的】筛选在疫木中容易定殖且能够加快树体内松材线虫种群消退的腐生线虫,在媒介昆虫羽化前大幅减少疫木中松材线虫种群数量,使得松材线虫病害的传播得到有效控制。【方法】从安徽、四川和江苏3省的部分疫区采集的疫木中分离获得8种腐生线虫。将8种腐生线虫以1、2、4倍于木块中松材线虫数量的接种量接种至疫木块中,以接种无菌水的木块为对照,分别置于15和25 ℃下培养15和30 d,分离并计数疫木块中松材线虫和腐生线虫的种群数量,分析不同接种量及温度下,接种腐生线虫对疫木中松材线虫种群数量的影响。野外条件下,将8种腐生线虫接种至松材线虫病疫木段中,接种量为2.0×10⁵~2.5×10⁵条,以接种无菌水的木段作为对照。120 d后钻取木样,150 d后捕获松墨天牛并收集蛹室周围木样,分离并计数木样中的松材线虫数量,比较接种前后疫木内松材线虫数量的变化,分析腐生线虫对疫木整体、天牛及蛹室周围携带的松材线虫种群的影响。【结果】室内接种试验表明,15 ℃培养时,在第30 天接种量为4倍的虫株JHS2处理组和接种量为1倍的虫株JHS4处理组能显著降低松材线虫的数量。25 ℃条件下培养的第15 天,3种不同接种量的虫株JHS4处理组中松材线虫减少率均显著高于对照。培养 30 d后,接种量为4倍的虫株JHS4处理木块中松材线虫减少率显著高于对照,为对照的2.9倍。野外接种试验结果表明接种虫株JHS4能加速木段内松材线虫的消亡,与对照相比,木段整体松材线虫的减少率为96%,显著高于同期对照(74%);此外,所有处理组的蛹室周围木样和羽化天牛所携带的松材线虫量均低于对照。其中,虫株JHS4处理组蛹室周围木样和羽化天牛携带的松材线虫数量最低,每克蛹室木样中携带松材线虫的数量仅为20 条,平均每头天牛携带松材线虫的数量为132条。【结论】腐生线虫能够加快疫木中松材线虫种群消退,可影响天牛蛹室及天牛所携带的松材线虫数量。利用腐生线虫对疫木中松材线虫具有一定的生防潜力,将其应用于松材线虫病的疫木除治具有技术可行性和广阔前景。     

对松萎蔫病的综合理解

松萎蔫病涉及各种真核与原核生物之间多种关系，其病理过程也受这些关系的影响。松树的病状不仅取决于松材线虫的数量、致病性、寄主的抗性，还受气象因子的影响。线虫与其携带天牛、致病过程、病死木的微环境同样受到这些因子的影响。笔者就病死树中的松材线虫种群及微环境和寄主抗性与菌根共生为例说明与松萎蔫病有关的生物间的复杂关系是相互关联的，它们决定了寄主树的存活和松萎蔫病的扩散。气象条件对这些复杂关系产生多方面影响，其中高温和干燥条件加速了松萎蔫病的流行。为了有效防控松萎蔫病，必须对松萎蔫病进行多方面的研究。     

松材线虫在松树体内扩散及其引起的寄主细胞反应研究进展

松材线虫病是松树最危险的病害之一，在世界上一些国家都有发生并且损失惨重。寄主松树感染松材线虫[Bursaphelenchus xylophilus （Steiner＆Buhrer）Nickle]40天后即可死亡。我国自1982年在南京中山陵风景区首次发现以来，到2000年底，因病枯死的松树达到2000多万株，直接经济损失25亿元，间接损失250亿元。松材线虫侵入寄主（主要是松树）后，在其体内迁移、分布及其引起的寄主内部细胞学、组织学的变化。病害发展过程与致病相关性。     

浅谈松材线虫病对汉中林业生态建设的威胁

1、松材线虫病的危害及其在国内的发生现状。 松材线虫病是由松材线虫以松褐天牛等为媒介侵入健康松树后在短期内导致松树枯死的一种严重病害，被专家称为“松树癌症”。由于能够远距离人为传播、以及携带有松材线虫的松褐天牛自然扩散传播，因此较一般意义上的癌症危害更大。我国于1982年在南京首次发现松材线虫病，当时的发生面积仅3000亩。1988年安徽、广东又相继发生面积达47．18万亩。2001年有10个省发生，总面积达到118万亩。2004年，     

松材线虫和松褐天牛对枯死木的侵染情况调查

松材线虫枯死木的处理是用塑料薄膜密封,并用磷化铝熏蒸。而经过熏蒸处理后的枯死木死否仍会受松褐天牛和松材线虫的侵染,成为松材线虫和松褐天牛的滋生地,这点鲜有报道。我们以松材线虫入侵的林场为研究对象,调查了熏蒸后的枯死木堆薄膜的损坏情况,并检测松材线虫、松褐天牛的侵染,以及枯死木中磷化氢的残留和伐桩蓝变情况,以深入了解处理过的枯死木是否还受天牛及线虫的侵染。检查发现,由于密封用的薄膜老化破裂之后,熏蒸后的枯死木仍然会受到天牛的侵染,且伐桩中也检测到松材线虫,但伐桩树皮在6个月后就没有磷化氢的残留,而伐桩的蓝变率在20%以上,这说明,枯死木仍然能滋生松材线虫和松褐天牛。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.