激光与微波功率对金刚石NV色心磁强计ESR谱线的影响研究

金刚石氮空穴色心磁强计广泛采用连续波光探测磁共振脉冲进行磁测,其灵敏度指标主要受到激光功率和微波功率影响.基于金刚石氮空穴色心系综搭建了一套共聚焦磁场检测系统,调节激光功率和微波功率测量相应的电子自旋共振谱的谱线半高宽和谱线对比度.实验表明,谱线半高宽主要受到微波功率影响,谱线对比度同时受到微波功率和激光功率影响;保持微波功率不变提高激光功率,观测到了明显的谱线半高宽变窄.系统的最优参数可分两步获得,首先调整微波功率获得较好谱线半高宽,再提高激光功率获得更好的对比度和谱线半高宽.      

Nanoscale imaging magnetometry with diamond spins under ambient conditions

Magnetic resonance imaging and optical microscopy are key technologies in the life sciences. For microbiological studies, especially of the inner workings of single cells, optical microscopy is normally used because it easily achieves resolution close to the optical wavelength. But in conventional microscopy, diffraction limits the resolution to about half the wavelength. Recently, it was shown that this limit can be partly overcome by nonlinear imaging techniques, but there is still a barrier to reaching the molecular scale. In contrast, in magnetic resonance imaging the spatial resolution is not determined by diffraction; rather, it is limited by magnetic field sensitivity, and so can in principle go well below the optical wavelength. The sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging has recently been improved enough to image single cells, and magnetic resonance force microscopy has succeeded in detecting single electrons and small nuclear spin ensembles. However, this technique currently requires cryogenic temperatures, which limit most potential biological applications. Alternatively, single-electron spin states can be detected optically, even at room temperature in some systems. Here we show how magneto-optical spin detection can be used to determine the location of a spin associated with a single nitrogen-vacancy centre in diamond with nanometre resolution under ambient conditions. By placing these nitrogen-vacancy spins in functionalized diamond nanocrystals, biologically specific magnetofluorescent spin markers can be produced. Significantly, we show that this nanometre-scale resolution can be achieved without any probes located closer than typical cell dimensions. Furthermore, we demonstrate the use of a single diamond spin as a scanning probe magnetometer to map nanoscale magnetic field variations. The potential impact of single-spin imaging at room temperature is far-reaching. It could lead to the capability to probe biologically relevant spins in living cells.     

Nanoscale magnetic sensing with an individual electronic spin in diamond

Detection of weak magnetic fields with nanoscale spatial resolution is an outstanding problem in the biological and physical sciences. For example, at a distance of 10 nm, the spin of a single electron produces a magnetic field of about 1 muT, and the corresponding field from a single proton is a few nanoteslas. A sensor able to detect such magnetic fields with nanometre spatial resolution would enable powerful applications, ranging from the detection of magnetic resonance signals from individual electron or nuclear spins in complex biological molecules to readout of classical or quantum bits of information encoded in an electron or nuclear spin memory. Here we experimentally demonstrate an approach to such nanoscale magnetic sensing, using coherent manipulation of an individual electronic spin qubit associated with a nitrogen-vacancy impurity in diamond at room temperature. Using an ultra-pure diamond sample, we achieve detection of 3 nT magnetic fields at kilohertz frequencies after 100 s of averaging. In addition, we demonstrate a sensitivity of 0.5 muT Hz(-1/2) for a diamond nanocrystal with a diameter of 30 nm.     

原子自旋共振磁测系统的微波传输优化仿真

对单个电子自旋的研究和控制对于原子陀螺有着极其巨大的潜在应用和科学意义,而氮空位中心(Nitrogen-Vacancy center)作为一个稳定的电子自旋控制体系正在成为一个研究热点。在利用NV中心进行原子陀螺的控制中,微波的传输对于原子陀螺灵敏度具有重要的影响作用。而基于NV中心的原子陀螺系统中高效率的微波照射机构是非常重要的一项。在本文中,我们通过对微波照射机构进行设计,而后利用Comsol软件对微波在SMA探头中的衰减进行仿真,得到了最优化的实验条件,这为后续提高基于NV中心进行原子陀螺的灵敏度奠定了基础。这将对基于NV中心进行原子陀螺系统的开发、磁信息检测具有重要的作用。     

High-sensitivity double-quantum magnetometry in diamond via quantum control

High-fidelity quantum operation of qubits plays an important role in magnetometry based on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamonds. However, the nontrivial spin-spin coupling of the NV center decreases signal contrast and sensitivity. Here, we overcome this limitation by exploiting the amplitude modulation of microwaves, which allows us to perfectly detect magnetic signals at low fields. Compared with the traditional double-quantum sensing protocol, the full contrast of the detection signal was recovered, and the sensitivity was enhanced three times in the experiment. Our method is applicable to a wide range of sensing tasks, such as temperature, strain, and electric field.     

Retrieval of column-averaged volume mixing ratio of CO2 with ground-based high spectral resolution solar absorption

The total column-averaged volume mixing ratio of atmospheric carbon dioxide （Xco2） has been retrieved with high spectral resolution solar absorption data obtained from ground-based Fourier transform spectrometer （FTS） measurements at Xichong, a coastal site in the district of Shenzhen in southern China. Based on differential optical absorption spectroscopy （DOAS） theory, the Xco2 was retrieved by finding the best match of observed high spectral resolution solar absorption data and monochromatic radia- tion transfer model calculations. The averaged Xco2 in the whole observation period was about 394.9 ppm. The uncertainty of the retrieval was estimated to be 2.0 ppm （0.51%） by comparing retrievals at two bands. The preliminary results show that Xc% retrieved by this method can be used to validate satellite remote sensing of Xco2.     

The loop effects on the chargino decays ～χ±1→～χ0 1ff ′in the MSSM

The lighter chargino three body decays ～χ±1→～χ0 1ff ′ via the W^± boson and the charged Higgs boson H^± were studied in the R-parity conserved Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model （MSSM）. We treat ～χ±1 decays as production and decay of W^± and H^± i.e.,～χ±1→～χ01W^±（H^±） → χ0 1ff ′. Both higgsino- like and wino-like ～χ±1 decays were well investigated. These decays are calculated at 1-loop level and the loop corrections are found to be less than three percent. The signal of the charged Higgs H^± production from ～χ±1 decays is discussed. It will offer important information about the chargino and neutralino sector, as well as the charged Higgs sector in the MSSM.     

Kernel function-based primal-dual interior-point methods for symmetric cones optimization

In this paper, we present a large-update primal-dual interior-point method for symmetric cone optimization(SCO) based on a new kernel function, which determines both search directions and the proximity measure between the iterate and the center path. The kernel function is neither a self-regular function nor the usual logarithmic kernel function. Besides, by using Euclidean Jordan algebraic techniques, we achieve the favorable iteration complexity O( r~(1/2)(log r)~2 log(r/ ε)), which is as good as the convex quadratic semi-definite optimization analogue.     

The nonleptonic two body B decays involving a light tensor meson in final states

The nonleptonic two body \(B_{u,d,s,c}\) decays involving a light tensor meson in final states are studied in the perturbative QCD approach based on \(k_{\mathrm{T}}\) factorization. The decay modes with a tensor meson emitted, are prohibited in naive factorization, since the emission diagram with a tensor meson produced from vacuum is vanished. While contributions from the so-called hard scattering emission diagrams and annihilation type diagrams are important and calculable in the perturbative QCD approach. The branching ratios of most decays are in the range of \(10^{-4}\) – \(10^{-8}\) , which are bigger by 1 or 2 orders of magnitude than the predictions given by the naive factorization, but consistent with the predictions from the QCD factorization and the recent experimental measurements. We also give the predictions for the direct \(CP\) asymmetries, some of which are large enough for the future experiments to measure. We also find that, even with a small mixing angle, the mixing between \(f_2\) and \(f_2^{\prime }\) can bring remarkable changes to both branching ratios and the direct \(CP\) asymmetries for some decays involving \(f_2^{(\prime )}\) mesons. For decays with a vector meson and a tensor meson in final states, we predict a large percentage of transverse polarization contributions due to the contributions of the orbital angular momentum of the tensor mesons.     

Molecular dynamics simulation of nanoscale contact and sliding processes for probes with different tip radius of curvature

Three-dimensional simulations were carried out molecular dynamics （MD） to study the contact and sliding processes between diamond points with different tip radius of curvature and surfaces of single crystal copper. The material deformation, abrasion mechanism, lattice defects, the force of contact process, and the sliding friction process were investigated. The simulation results show that the contact force, dislocations, and stacking fault defects, increase during the contact process with increasing contact depth or tip radius of curvature. The dislocations emit along the [10i-] and [i-01] direction and then a glide band is formed. It was also found that a greater tip radius of cur- vature results in a larger groove and more material defor- mation. The normal force and friction increase with increasing tip radius of curvature, but the coefficient of friction decreases. The stacking faults spread along the sliding direction and increase with increasing tip radius of curvature. In addition, the number of upheaval atoms increases as the radius of tip curvature or sliding distance increases.     

Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of a single cell

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging is now an established tool in clinical imaging and competes favourably with conventional X-ray computerized tomography (CT) scanning. The drive behind NMR imaging has primarily been in the area of whole-body imaging, which has been limited clinically to fields of up to 1.5 T (60 MHz). It is recognized that there may be substantial advantages in obtaining images with sub-millimetre spatial resolution. Also, there may be benefits to imaging at higher fields, since the signal increases as the square of the magnetic field. Using a modified 9.5 T 89-mm-bore high-resolution NMR spectrometer, we have now obtained the first NMR images of a single cell, demonstrating the advent of the NMR imaging microscope. The NMR microscope is expected to have considerable impact in the areas of biology, medicine and materials science, and may serve as a precursor to obtaining such resolutions on human subjects.     

Form factors for B meson weak decays in QCD light cone sum rules with a chiral current correlator

We report some applications of QCD light cone sum rules (LCSR) to \(B\) meson weak decays. Special emphasis is on estimates of the form factors for \(B\) decays into a pseudoscalar ( \(P\) )/vector ( \(V\) ) meson, with a certain chiral current correlator. The main new ingredient, as compared with the case of the standard correlators, is that in the operator product expansion calculations, the contributions due to the twist-3 distribution amplitudes of the related light mesons, which are less known and would bring a larger uncertainty to the calculations with the standard correlators, cancel out fully in the \(B\rightarrow P\) case and do out partially in the \(B\rightarrow V\) one. An important observation, which is similar to that in soft collinear effective theory, is made in twist-3 approximation: whereas only one independent form factor is needed for parameterizing the hadronic matrix elements for a \(B\rightarrow P\) transition induced by all the relevant heavy-light quark currents, there exist two independent form factors under the condition of neglecting the terms suppressed by a factor of \(m_V^2\) , for the \(B\rightarrow V\) transition. Therefore, the improved LCSR approach could be of stronger predictive power for the weak form factors. Also, this approach is employed to understand the \(B\rightarrow D\) transitions by introducing a leading twist-2 DA for an energetic \(D\) meson, combined with some of other QCD-based approaches. A detailed QCD next-to-leading order calculation of the \(B\rightarrow \pi \) form factors is presented for an illustrative purpose, and the sum rule results are used to extract the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix element \(|V_{ub}|\) from the latest BaBar data.     

Decoherence-protected quantum gates for a hybrid solid-state spin register

Protecting the dynamics of coupled quantum systems from decoherence by the environment is a key challenge for solid-state quantum information processing. An idle quantum bit (qubit) can be efficiently insulated from the outside world by dynamical decoupling, as has recently been demonstrated for individual solid-state qubits. However, protecting qubit coherence during a multi-qubit gate is a non-trivial problem: in general, the decoupling disrupts the interqubit dynamics and hence conflicts with gate operation. This problem is particularly salient for hybrid systems, in which different types of qubit evolve and decohere at very different rates. Here we present the integration of dynamical decoupling into quantum gates for a standard hybrid system, the electron-nuclear spin register. Our design harnesses the internal resonance in the coupled-spin system to resolve the conflict between gate operation and decoupling. We experimentally demonstrate these gates using a two-qubit register in diamond operating at room temperature. Quantum tomography reveals that the qubits involved in the gate operation are protected as accurately as idle qubits. We also perform Grover's quantum search algorithm, and achieve fidelities of more than 90% even though the algorithm run-time exceeds the electron spin dephasing time by two orders of magnitude. Our results directly allow decoherence-protected interface gates between different types of solid-state qubit. Ultimately, quantum gates with integrated decoupling may reach the accuracy threshold for fault-tolerant quantum information processing with solid-state devices.     

The semileptonic decays of B/B s meson in the perturbative QCD approach: a short review

In this short review, we present the current status about the theoretical and experimental studies for some important semileptonic decays of \(B/B_s\) mesons. We firstly gave a brief introduction for the experimental measurements for \(B/B_s \rightarrow P (l^+l^-, l^-\bar{\nu }_l, \nu \bar{\nu })\) decays, the BaBar’s \(R(D)\) and \(R(D^*)\) anomaly, the \(P_5^\prime \) deviation for \(B^0 \rightarrow K^{*0} \mu ^+ \mu ^-\) decay. We then made a careful discussion about the evaluations for the relevant form factors in the light-cone QCD sum rule, the heavy quark effective theory, and the perturbative QCD factorization approach. By using the form factors calculated in the perturbative (pQCD) approach, we then calculate and show the pQCD predictions for the decay rates of many semileptonic decays of \(B/B_s\) mesons. We also made careful phenomenological analysis for these pQCD predictions and found, in general, the following points: (a) For all the considered \(B/B_s\) semileptonic decays, the next-to-leading order pQCD predictions for their decay rates agree well with the data and those from other different theoretical methods; (b) For \(R(D)\) and \(R(D^*)\) , the pQCD predictions agree very well with the data, the BaBar’s anomaly of \(R(D^{(*)})\) are therefore explained successfully in the standard model by employing the pQCD approach; and (c) We defined several new ratios \(R_D^{l,\tau }\) and \(R_{D_s}^{l,\tau }\) , they may be more sensitive to the QCD dynamics which controls the \(B/B_s \rightarrow (D^{(*)},D_s^{(*)} )\) transitions than the old ratios, we therefore strongly suggest LHCb and the forthcoming Super- \(B\) experiments to measure these new ratios.     

Multifractal analysis of resting state fMRI series in default mode network: age and gender effects

Age-related changes of resting state in default mode network （DMN） may provide new clues to the developing mechanism of normal brain as well as early diagnosis and therapy of some neuropsychiatric disorders. The application of multifractal theory to functional magnetic resonance imaging （fMRI） signals has recently raised increasing attention. We aim to explore the multifractal characteristics underlying the resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging （rs-fMRI） series extracted from DMN, and two issues are mainly discussed： （1） whether there exist multifractals in rs-fMRI series; （2） whether it is possible to distinguish between the different ages or genders by means of multifractal characteristics. Results demon- strated the existence of multifractals in rs-fMRI series in DMN. In addition, slight differences between young subjects and middle-aged or elderly subjects can be successfully detected by △asα, a modified measure we proposed. Furthermore, it is revealed that the rs-fMRI series from young subjects possess smaller averaged scale index and weaker long range correlation, while those from middle-aged or elderly people present increasing averaged scale index andstronger long range correlation. Whereas no significant statistical differences has been found between male and female group. Our results, therefore, highlight the potential useful- ness of multifractal analysis in fMRI series of a certain brain region, and provide important insights into healthy aging in DMN.     

Higgs precision measurements and flavor physics: a supersymmetric example

Rare decays in flavor physics often suffer from Helicity suppress and Loop suppress. Helicity flip is a direct consequence of chiral \(U(3)\) symmetry breaking and electroweak symmetry breaking. The identical feature is also shared by the mass generation of SM fermions. In this review, we use the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) as an example to illustrate an explicit connection between bottom Yukawa coupling and rare decay process of \(b\rightarrow s\gamma \) . We take a symmetry approach to study the common symmetry breaking in supersymmetric correction to bottom quark mass generation and \(b\rightarrow s\gamma \) . We show that Large Peccei-Quinn symmetry breaking effect and \(R\) -symmetry breaking effect required by \(b\rightarrow s\gamma \) inevitably lead to significant reduction of bottom Yukawa \({y}_{b}\) . To compromise the reduction in \(b\bar{b}\) , a new decay is also needed to keep the Higgs total width as the SM value.     

基于系综金刚石氮空位色心量子调控系统设计

为了实现量子的自旋调控和精密测量,将金刚石作为自旋载体材料,设计了基于系综金刚石氮空位（Nitrogen-vacancy, NV）色心量子调控系统。通过利用金刚石独特的自旋三重态容易被初始化,操控和读出,基于LabVIEW软件,设计编写了脉冲序列发生模块并搭建了共聚焦系统,调控了系综NV色心的自旋量子态。结果表明：该系统可以调控系综NV色心的自旋量子态;实现了NV色心拉比振荡实验的测量;拉比振荡周期为100ns。可见该系统结构设计简单,为下一步延长退相干时间,提高系统灵敏度打下基础。     

Room temperature coherent control of defect spin qubits in silicon carbide

Electronic spins in semiconductors have been used extensively to explore the limits of external control over quantum mechanical phenomena. A long-standing goal of this research has been to identify or develop robust quantum systems that can be easily manipulated, for future use in advanced information and communication technologies. Recently, a point defect in diamond known as the nitrogen-vacancy centre has attracted a great deal of interest because it possesses an atomic-scale electronic spin state that can be used as an individually addressable, solid-state quantum bit (qubit), even at room temperature. These exceptional quantum properties have motivated efforts to identify similar defects in other semiconductors, as they may offer an expanded range of functionality not available to the diamond nitrogen-vacancy centre. Notably, several defects in silicon carbide (SiC) have been suggested as good candidates for exploration, owing to a combination of computational predictions and magnetic resonance data. Here we demonstrate that several defect spin states in the 4H polytype of SiC (4H-SiC) can be optically addressed and coherently controlled in the time domain at temperatures ranging from 20 to 300 kelvin. Using optical and microwave techniques similar to those used with diamond nitrogen-vacancy qubits, we study the spin-1 ground state of each of four inequivalent forms of the neutral carbon-silicon divacancy, as well as a pair of defect spin states of unidentified origin. These defects are optically active near telecommunication wavelengths, and are found in a host material for which there already exist industrial-scale crystal growth and advanced microfabrication techniques. In addition, they possess desirable spin coherence properties that are comparable to those of the diamond nitrogen-vacancy centre. This makes them promising candidates for various photonic, spintronic and quantum information applications that merge quantum degrees of freedom with classical electronic and optical technologies.     

The two-body hadronic decays of B c meson in the perturbative QCD approach: a short review

Along with the running of Large Hadron Collider (LHC) located at CERN in November 2009, a large number of data samples of \(B_c\) meson have been collected and some hadronic \(B_c\) decay modes have been measured by the LHC experiments. In view of the special and important roles of \(B_c\) meson decays playing in the heavy flavor sector, we here give a short review on the status of two body hadronic decays \(B_c \rightarrow M_1 M_2\) at both experimental and theoretical aspects. For the theoretical progresses, specifically, we will show lots of theoretical studies on two body hadronic \(B_c\) decays involving pseudoscalar, vector, scalar, axial-vector, even tensor meson(s) in the final states by employing the perturbative QCD (pQCD) factorization approach. We will present a general analysis about the two-body hadronic decays of the heavy \(B_c\) meson and also provide some expectations for the future developments.