一步法合成二甲醚的概述

综述了一步法合成二甲醚的反应机理,介绍了通过固定床式反应器和浆态床式反应器合成二甲醚的过程,并阐述了合成二甲醚的催化剂以及催化剂对二甲醚合成性能的影响。     

二甲醚精制分离序列的动态规划

针对合成气一步法合成二甲醚的精馏精制过程,研究分离二甲醚-二氧化碳-甲醇-水混合物的顺序问题.根据精馏分离过程特点,将二甲醚混合物精馏精制分离过程分成多阶段的决策过程,建立相应的分离工艺方案动态规划模型.在模型求解过程中,提出年操作费用最小准则,并利用动态规划算法计算出不同阶段、不同决策下的目标函数最优解,得到最优的分离序列.结合研究体系的特点,将动态规划结果加以改进,给出二甲醚精馏精制最优分离方案.     

合成气一步法合成二甲醚的研究进展

介绍了二甲醚的用途和发展前景 ,综述了一步法合成二甲醚与传统两步法合成二甲醚的的区别是一步法用合成气直接合成二甲醚 ,没有中间过程 ,操作费用低 .对合成气一步法合成二甲醚工艺的发展近况、国内外几种典型的工艺流程以及操作参数和特点、国内在一步法合成二甲醚工艺和催化剂方面的研究进展等进行了较详细的报道     

基于F-T合成的浆态床热流场CFD模拟及优化

重点研究了以F-T反应(费托合成)为基础的浆态床内的热流场及气体在床体内部上升运动变化过程.用CFD热流场模拟软件Fluent对工业规模的浆态床反应器中的气液固流动状况进行了研究,计算出不同时间不同位置流体的参数详细情况和变化过程,获得浆态床操作温度、操作压力、进气速度对床层中气含率和混合物平均停留时间等参数变化的规律,进一步认识浆态床内部瑞流流动的规律,为具有相似流场特性的浆态床的放大设计提供理论基础和依据.     

合成气一步法合成二甲醚的研究进展

介绍了二甲醚的用途和发展前景，综述了一步法合成二甲醚与传统两步法合成二甲醚的区别是一步法用合成气直接合成二甲醚，没有中间过程，操作费用低，对合成气一步法合成二甲醚工艺的发展近况，国内外几种典型的工艺流程以及操作参数和特点，国内在一步法合成二甲醚工艺和催化剂方面的研究进展等进行了较详细的报道。     

生物质气化合成二甲醚系统的火用分析

基于生物质串行流化床气化合成二甲醚(DME)系统的Aspen Plus模拟,对系统进行热力学火用分析,研究了气化反应参数与合成反应参数对各子系统和总系统的火用效率影响.研究结果显示:火用损失主要发生在气化子系统中;气化产物氢碳摩尔比在2左右时,系统火用效率可达到最大;液化子系统提高气化合成二甲醚一步反应的有效转化率,降低循环气份额,可有效提高系统火用效率;全系统的火用损失主要是由过程的不可逆性引起的,内部火用损率近80%.对于稻秸气化一步法合成二甲醚系统,适宜的气化温度为750~800℃,水蒸气生物质质量比为0.3;在合成温度为260~280℃,合成压力为4.0~4.5 MPa的条件下,系统的二甲醚产率可达到6.20 mol/kg,火用效率达到51.66%.     

三相淤浆床中合成气直接合成二甲醚双功能混合催化剂的失活研究

用双功能混合催化剂在三相淤浆床反应器中进行合成气直接合成二甲醚,考察双功能混合催化剂在三相床中的稳定性和失活现象。探讨了合成气含水蒸气对合成二甲醚以及合成甲醇的影响。分析了三相淤浆床反应器中直接合成二甲醚催化剂的失活原因,认为反应中生成的水是催化剂活性降低的原因之一。氨的程序升温脱附、X射线衍射、X光电子能谱表征结果证实甲醇合成催化剂中活性组分Cu晶粒的长大及甲醇合成催化剂中Cu元素流失导致双功能催化剂活性降低。     

费托合成反应器的技术进展

费托合成反应器是间接液化的核心技术之一,该文介绍了费托合成反应器的种类、特点及其主要开发过程,对固定床、流化床和浆态床三种反应器的特点进行了分析对比。因浆态床具有生产能力大、传热效率高、可在线更新催化剂、制造成本低等优点,也是费托合成工业开发的主要发展方向。浆态床反应器开发的关键是固液、分离、反应热移取、气体分布器的研究和开发。     

基于Matlab的精馏稳态模拟

以Matlab为平台,开发面向多组分复杂精馏塔和吸收塔系统的精馏稳态模拟计算软件包XD-SOD.软件包包含了泡点法、露点法、流率加和法和新松弛法等多种稳态精馏模拟计算算法.对4种不同的分离物系,采用不同的模拟算法进行仿真验证.仿真结果表明,软件包能够有效地应用于精馏、吸收等分离过程和复杂的催化裂化分馏塔系统的稳态模拟,并具有数值稳定性好,收敛快,适用面广,易于改进等特点.     

吸附剂孔内扩散对模拟移动床分离过程的影响

为考察孔内扩散对模拟移动床分离过程的作用,采用综合速率模型对其进行研究,其中流动相模型为轴向扩散活塞流,颗粒相为Fick定律描述的扩散方程,液相和固相之间的吸附平衡采用改进的Langmuir吸附等温线.对流动相和颗粒相分别采用有限元Galerkin法和正交配置法,沿空间方向离散化后的常微分方程组运用MATLAB的ODE求解器求解.在验证了模型和离散方法对模拟移动床吸附分离过程计算的可靠性的基础上,模拟了EMD 53986对映体的模拟移动床分离过程,跟文献中使用忽略孔内传质过程的模型得到的计算值相比,模拟值与实验值吻合得更好,表明孔内扩散传质过程对模拟移动床模拟计算的重要性.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-