利用压电导波层状管道结构的损伤识别

目的绘制层状管道结构导波的频散曲线,提出一种利用压电超声导波层状管道结构损伤识别方法.方法利用Navier方程及边界条件建立频散方程并进行数值求解,分别绘制出空管和充液两种情况下的导波频散曲线.为了验证理论分析结果,利用压电导波试验方法,对一个长2 m的层状空管和层状充液管道中的人工周向缺陷进行识别.结果导波的频散和衰减程度较弱的L(0,1)模态适合于层状充液管道中的损伤识别.随着导波频率的增加,频散效应逐渐增加,损伤识别能力也逐渐下降.对于充液管道,导波能量会通过液体中传播,降低损伤识别的精度.结论在对层状充液管道进行损伤识别时,应根据频散、衰减和导波结构等传播特性选取合适的纵向模态.利用压电导波进行层状管道结构损伤识别是十分有效的.     

基于缓冲波导的T(0,1)模态导波激励方法实验研究

缓冲波导是解决超声传感器在高温管道在线检测中失效问题的重要途径。针对已提出的通过在缓冲波导内产生S0模态的Lamb波,并利用缓冲波导与管道的连接耦合,间接激励出T(0,1)模态导波的方法,本文进行了实验研究,设计并研制了用于激励S0模态Lamb波的曲折型线圈电磁超声换能器和用于接收T(0,1)模态导波的周期性永磁铁阵列式电磁超声换能器。结果表明:S0模态的Lamb波通过缓冲波导后能够激励出T(0,1)模态的导波对管道进行检测,从而验证了该方法的有效性,并为该方法的工程应用奠定了基础。     

土壤对管道纵模导波传播特性的影响

针对超声导波技术在不同地理环境下埋地管道的缺陷检测问题,对埋地管道中纵向模态的频散和衰减特性进行了分析。建立了埋地管道的三维有限元模型,分析了激励频率和土壤类型对纵模导波传播的影响。在埋地管道中粘贴压电陶瓷片激励和接收L(0,2)模态。研究结果表明:随着激励频率增加,L(0,2)模态能量衰减也逐渐增大,而在激励频率为40kHz时,弹性模量较小的硬黏土对纵模导波的衰减相对较小,表明采用低频纵向模态超声导波对较低弹性模量土壤覆盖的管道检测效果较好,可有效提高导波在该类埋地管道中的检测距离。     

土壤对管道纵模导波传播特性的影响

针对超声导波技术在不同地理环境下埋地管道的缺陷检测问题,对埋地管道中纵向模态的频散和衰减特性进行了分析。建立了埋地管道的三维有限元模型,分析了激励频率和土壤类型对纵模导波传播的影响。在埋地管道中粘贴压电陶瓷片激励和接收L(0,2)模态。研究结果表明:随着激励频率增加,L(0,2)模态能量衰减也逐渐增大,而在激励频率为40kHz时,弹性模量较小的硬黏土对纵模导波的衰减相对较小,表明采用低频纵向模态超声导波对较低弹性模量土壤覆盖的管道检测效果较好,可有效提高导波在该类埋地管道中的检测距离。     

土壤对管道纵模导波传播特性的影响

针对超声导波技术在不同地理环境下埋地管道的缺陷检测问题,对埋地管道中纵向模态的频散和衰减特性进行了分析。建立了埋地管道的三维有限元模型,分析了激励频率和土壤类型对纵模导波传播的影响。在埋地管道中粘贴压电陶瓷片激励和接收L(0,2)模态。研究结果表明:随着激励频率增加,L(0,2)模态能量衰减也逐渐增大,而在激励频率为40 k Hz时,弹性模量较小的硬黏土对纵模导波的衰减相对较小,表明采用低频纵向模态超声导波对较低弹性模量土壤覆盖的管道检测效果较好,可有效提高导波在该类埋地管道中的检测距离。     

层状管道结构频散曲线绘制及试验验证

目的推导层状管道结构中超声导波的频散方程,利用频散方程绘制其频散曲线,并通过试验来验证频散曲线的正确性.方法基于Navier波动方程并根据边界条件建立了层状管道结构的频散方程.从理论上分析了层状管道结构中三种模态超声导波的传播特性.根据推导出超声导波的频散方程,通过数值方法绘制出了超声导波在层状管道结构中的频散曲线.对超声导波的频散曲线和位移特点进行了分析,并选出适合激励的超声导波频率.构建与数值计算层状管道模型相同的试验系统并进行试验研究,利用试验验证了所建立的频散曲线的正确性.完成了层状管道结构纵向波动试验,激励频率在1~9 k Hz,对试验结果与理论值进行对比和误差分析.结果L(0,1)在管道结构中传播速度与理论值最大误差值为1.5%,可以发现两者相似度较高.结论笔者所绘制的频散曲线能够较为理想的反映出超声导波在层状管道中传播的真实情况,这对实际检测中激发信号的频率和模态的选择具有重要意义.     

超声导波在充液埋地管道结构传播特性的理论研究与试验验证

目的针对内部载有液体并且埋置地面以下某一深度或者水下管道健康监测的难点问题,推导出充液埋地管道超声导波频散曲线方程,用来确定管道健康监测的激发频率和模态.方法利用Navier-Stokes方程在势函数中耦合一个附加的位移场方程并引进第二类Hankel函数,推导出充液埋地管道的频散曲线方程并进行试验验证.结果通过埋地充液状态下管道试验系统测得的群速度和衰减值与推导出的频散曲线方程的理论值相差1.05%,基本符合.结论附加位移场方程可以模拟超声导波在土中传播情况,第二类Hankel函数可以表征波的能量从管中扩散到很远距离并且逐渐衰减消失的这种特性进而推导出超声导波在充液埋地管道中传播的频散和衰减曲线,根据频散曲线可以确定管道健康监测激发频率和模态.     

磁致伸缩超声导波的包覆层轻烃管道检测试验分析

采用磁致伸缩传感器(Ms S)超声导波检测系统,对带包覆层轻烃管道进行在线检测。研究了不同检测频率、管道直径对管道缺陷检测定位精度的影响,并分析了带有黏弹性包覆层环氧树脂对超声导波信号的影响。对114 mm和80 mm两类管道,以三通、弯头等近似为缺陷,分别使用32 k Hz和64 k Hz探头进行检测。检测结果表明:不同检测频率时管道缺陷检测精度不同,频率越高,定位精度越高。管道的直径对导波信号缺陷检测精度有重要影响,采用32 k Hz频率对80 mm管道的定位精度为9.3 cm,远高于114 mm管道的定位精度(17.6 cm)。黏弹性包覆层对检测信号有强烈的衰减,平均衰减速率约为1 d B/m。     

螺旋杆结构中弹性导波频散特性研究

为获取弹性导波在螺旋结构中的传播规律,建立了螺旋坐标系下的弹性力学基本方程,得到了螺旋结构中半解析有限元形式的弹性波频散方程.频散计算结果验证了在钢绞线外层螺旋圆杆中弹性导波的L(0,1),T(0,1)和F(1,1)等模态存在频率截止,并进一步计算了圆柱螺旋弹簧和螺旋天线结构的频散中的相速度和能速度曲线.结果表明:a.不同螺旋结构的频散曲线中普遍存在着频率截止和模态分支现象;b.所推导的螺旋坐标系下的弹性力学方程可以满足对螺旋结构的弹性导波频散分析计算;c.钢绞线外层螺旋圆杆的弹性导波能速度频散曲线在中间频段部分与直杆上频散曲线的对应频段部分的特征相近,圆柱螺旋弹簧与同旋绕比的圆环结构之间的能速度频散特征相近;d.不同螺旋天线的结构形式差别较大,其弹性导波频散特性须要根据具体结构特点作具体分析.     

基于相控阵超声导波扫描成像的大曲率油气对焊弯管缺陷检测

针对大曲率油气对焊弯管缺陷超声导波难以检测的问题,首先采用有限元方法分析环焊缝和弯头对L(0, 2)模态和T(0,1)模态导波的传播影响,提出基于相控阵超声导波扫描成像的检测方法;然后,采用相控阵技术控制L(0, 2)模态和T(0,1)模态导波的激励,提高2种模态导波的缺陷检出能力,同时应用A扫描和B扫描成像技术提高这2种模态导波识别缺陷的能力;最后,加工制作5根带缺陷的城镇油气管道系统中常用的大曲率对焊弯管,采用基于相控阵超声导波扫描成像的方法进行检测实验。研究结果表明:环焊缝使这2种模态导波产生反射,环焊缝和弯头使这2种模态导波产生衰减和模态转换,导致这2种模态导波难以检测出弯头及过弯头后直管部位的缺陷;该方法能够有效识别和定位大曲率油气对焊弯管的弯头缺陷和过弯头后直管中的缺陷。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-