Improved threshold retracker for satellite altimeter waveform retracking over coastal sea

Data quality is a key factor for the application of satellite altimetry to geodesy and oceanography. Accuracy of altimetry is limited in the coastal area because the altimeter waveforms are seriously contaminated by topography and environmental pollution. So waveform retracking is needed to compute the range correction of geophysical data records (GDRs) for better accuracy. In this paper, a new waveform retracker named the improved threshold retracker (ITR) is put forward. The retracker first builds sub-waveforms based on leading edges detected in a waveform, then determines the middle point of each leading edge to compute the retracking range correction, finally calculates the referenced sea surface heights according to the geoid undulation from a local geopotential model and tide heights from an ocean tide model, and compares it with all retracking ranges to determine the best one. As a test, altimeter waveforms of Geosat/GM are retracked around the Taiwan coastal area. The result shows that accuracy of ITR method is two times better than that of the β-5-parameter function-fitting method and threshold method, and three times better than that of GDRs. ITR can efficiently improve the altimetry accuracy of the coastal sea area.     

海南近海Envisat测高波形重构海面高质量评价

以海南近海(14~20°N,108~120°E)为研究区域,采用四种波形重构算法(Ocean1算法,阈值(Threshold)算法,重心偏移(OCOG)算法和Beta-5参数算法)对Envisat高度计RA2第20周期八条轨迹的测高波形数据重新进行计算,并对波形重构后的海面高(SSH)精度进行评价.结果表明:波形重构算法能显著提高测高海面高数据质量,且重构后海面高的空间分辨率有较大改善.其中Threshold 50%算法的重构精度最高,Ocean1算法的精度也较好.Threshold 50%算法的结果最为稳定,比其他三种算法更适合于海南近海的测高波形重构.     

星载激光测高仪海面回波的仿真与分析

星载激光测高仪发射的1 064 nm波长激光被波动海洋表面反射,系统接收的时间波形与瞬时海面波浪分布相关。而海面波浪又直接受海面风速影响,因此可以通过观测激光测高仪回波变化监测不同风速下海态变化。本文依据激光雷达方程,利用蒙特卡洛法模拟不同风速下的海面波浪分布,通过光线追击建立海面回波波形仿真器;以地球科学激光测高系统(geo-science laser altimeter system,GLAS)参数为输入,仿真得到不同风速下的海面回波:发现当海面风速在3~10 m/s之间时,回波呈单峰高斯波形,与GLAS发布的实际回波相符;且回波脉宽,以及有效能量反射率(即有效回波能量与发射能量之比)与实测参数误差小于10%。进一步分析可知,回波特征参数与海面风速之间存在显著关联,为利用激光测高仪大规模精确反演海洋表面风速奠定了基础。     

Jason-2 卫星波形重定技术在研究贝加尔湖水位中的应用

利用Jason-2测高卫星2008—2013年的Waveform数据,以贝加尔湖为例,研究卫星测高数据编辑标准、地球物理改正方法及波形重定方法;利用波形重定后的数据计算贝加尔湖年水位异常时间序列与季度水位异常时间序列,分析得到贝加尔湖水位的季节性变化规律;利用组合模型预测贝加尔湖2013年10月的水位,并与测高所得水位进行了比较。研究结果表明,利用波形重构技术可提高对贝加尔湖水位测量精度,对其水位变化研究具有一定的可行性。     

SARAL测高卫星近海域波形重定新方法

利用AVISO提供的SARAL卫星浙江近海海域周年的WAVEFORM数据,通过对卫星波形分析,提出一种新的波形重定方法,该方法在顾及波形物理机制的基础上,根据各波形的特征进行重定。通过对重定前后的波形数据进行粗差剔除、共线平均和对比分析,结果表明:当纬度为27°左右时,未进行波形重定数据求得的平均海面高为10.770 m、标准差为4.515 m,而进行波形重定后数据求得的平均海面高为12.601 m、标准差为1.263 9 m;当纬度为30°左右时,未进行波形重定数据求得的平均海面高为12.236 m、标准差为1.877 m,而进行波形重定后数据求得的平均海面高为12.503 m、标准差为0.419 m。通过对波形重定前后卫星测高数据与验潮站数据对比,得到未进行波形重定的卫星测高数据与验潮站数据差值平均值为0.275 m、标准差为0.273 m,进行波形重定后卫星测高数据与验潮站数据差值平均值为0.046 m、标准差为0.049 m。研究结果显示利用本文提出的方法能显著提高卫星测高数据的精度与质量。     

Ku波段散射计近场海浪标定探测的多参量自动采集与处理系统

近场海浪后散射的标定探测，研究海况特征要素，目前仍是无线电海洋学界十分关注的课题。近场标定探测存在多信道参量信号同步采集与处理的难题。本文在分析近场海浪后散射统计特征的基础上，提出适于近场的散射计、Ｃ／ＦＭ波高计和测风计同步采集和相关处理的新方法，发现这些数据群有强相关统计特征的谱密分布和准高斯分布，并为海表统计散射特征反演海表波场和风场提供颇有价值的数据。     

Observing seasonal variations of sea surface wind speed and significant wave height using TOPEX altimetry

One year of ocean topography experiment (TOPEX) altimeter data are used to study the seasonal variations of global sea surface wind speed and significant wave height. The major wind and wave zones of the world oceans are precisely identified, their seasonal variability and characteristics are quantitatively analyzed, and the diversity of global wind speed seasonality and the variability of significant wave height in response to sea surface wind speed are also revealed.     

Radar Phase-Modulated Waveform Design for Extended Target Detection

Extended target detection performance can be enhanced by using phase-modulated waveform designs in band-limited radar systems. Unlike waveforms designed for the total energy constraint, phase-modulated waveforms can fully exploit the transmit power in the pulse duration, which is more suitable for practical radar systems. An alternating iterative algorithm was developed to optimize the phase-modulated baseband waveform by maximizing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver filter output. The output SNR increases continuously with the number of iterations and the algorithm is guaranteed to converge. Simulations validate the effectiveness of this approach. The waveforms designed by this method outperform other commonly used waveforms for extended target detection.     

脉间码捷变相位编码脉压雷达波形设计

本文研究了脉间码捷变相位编码脉压雷达波形设计问题。提出了一种波形优化准则,这一准则是对同时考虑四个波形参量,即波形自相关旁瓣能量和旁瓣峰值,互相关能量及峰值的最佳折衷。本文给出了一种得到最佳码集的算法,并在码集尺寸k=6和k=32的情况下给出了优化计算结果。     

Significant decadal-scale impact of volcanic eruptions on sea level and ocean heat content

Ocean thermal expansion contributes significantly to sea-level variability and rise. However, observed decadal variability in ocean heat content and sea level has not been reproduced well in climate models. Aerosols injected into the stratosphere during volcanic eruptions scatter incoming solar radiation, and cause a rapid cooling of the atmosphere and a reduction in rainfall, as well as other changes in the climate system. Here we use observations of ocean heat content and a set of climate simulations to show that large volcanic eruptions result in rapid reductions in ocean heat content and global mean sea level. For the Mt Pinatubo eruption, we estimate a reduction in ocean heat content of about 3 x 10(22) J and a global sea-level fall of about 5 mm. Over the three years following such an eruption, we estimate a decrease in evaporation of up to 0.1 mm d(-1), comparable to observed changes in mean land precipitation. The recovery of sea level following the Mt Pinatubo eruption in 1991 explains about half of the difference between the long-term rate of sea-level rise of 1.8 mm yr(-1) (for 1950-2000), and the higher rate estimated for the more recent period where satellite altimeter data are available (1993-2000).     

基于遥感资料和观测数据的重点海域海表盐度评估分析

【目的】通过验证Aquarius海表盐度遥感产品数据在不同大洋和波束的反演精度,为其应用提供依据。【方法】基于自沉浮式剖面探测浮标Argo(Array for real-time geostrophic oceanography)盐度观测数据评估Aquarius卫星在重点海域(太平洋、大西洋、印度洋)和不同波束对应的海表盐度产品精度。【结果】相对于波束2和波束3,波束1海表盐度与Argo观测最为接近,偏差和均方根差分别为0.003psu和0.397psu。与大西洋和印度洋相比,太平洋反演精度最高。在中纬度地区,盐度偏差较小,约为0.1psu;在南北纬20°和高纬度区域,盐度偏差较大,约为0.2psu;低海温和高风速对盐度误差也有重要贡献,低海温对应的弱亮温信号和高风速下的不准确的海面粗糙度模型是导致盐度偏差的主要因素。此外,利用Argo月平均海表盐度观测数据评估了Aquarius卫星海表盐度三级产品,均方根差在0.27~0.34psu之间,平均值为0.31psu。在二级和三级产品中,V3.0SSS_bias_adj的均方根差相比V3.0SSS均降低约0.04psu。【结论】与V2.0数据产品相比,V3.0二级产品精度有了的较大提高,三级产品无明显改善,升轨和降轨的偏差依然存在。海表温度校正能够提高盐度反演的精度,使得均方根误差下降0.04psu。     

全去斜坡技术在雷达高度计上的应用

为提高雷达系统测量精度及分辨力，在研制海洋雷达高度计中采用了全去斜坡技术。在分析了全去斜坡技术原理的基础上，进行了较详尽的数学推导。该技术采用频率变换方法，能获得用脉冲压缩方法无法达到的压缩效果，从而提高测量精度和分辨力。应用实践表明，该技术可使脉冲压缩比提高到１０００倍，分辨力达到５ｃｍ，大大提高了高度计的测量精度。     

超宽带无线通信正交脉冲波形的正交化设计

基于幂函数的带枝Schmidt正交化，给出一类可用于多元调制超宽带（UWB）无线通信系统的正交脉冲波形。这类正交脉冲波形克服了Hermite正交脉冲波形持续时间长短不一致的缺点，且有比Hermite正变脉冲波形频谱利用率高的特点。还从时域和频域分析了这类正交脉冲波形的特性。     

一类混合波形的构造及模糊特性分析

该文利用ＣｏｓｔａｓＴＨ和互补充邓列集脉冲压缩相结合设计出了一类新的混合波形；通过对两种不同的ＴＨ模式与互补充邓列脉冲压缩混合波形的结构和模糊特性的分析。     

开关磁阻电动机电流控制方式的研究

开关磁阻电动机（ＳＲＭ）的输出转矩与绕组电流波形有密切的关系，进行开关磁阻电机驱动系统（ＳＲＤ）的电机本体设计及功率变换器、控制器的设计，必须对绕组通电电流进行深入的研究。同时要使整个系统获得预定的转矩－转速特性，必须对电流进行合理的控制，本文在对开关磁阻电机驱动系统的运行特性进行分析的基础上，深入地研究了电机绕组电流控制方法，这无疑对ＳＲＤ系统的设计与控制有较大的意义。     

High interannual variability of sea ice thickness in the Arctic region

Possible future changes in Arctic sea ice cover and thickness, and consequent changes in the ice-albedo feedback, represent one of the largest uncertainties in the prediction of future temperature rise. Knowledge of the natural variability of sea ice thickness is therefore critical for its representation in global climate models. Numerical simulations suggest that Arctic ice thickness varies primarily on decadal timescales owing to changes in wind and ocean stresses on the ice, but observations have been unable to provide a synoptic view of sea ice thickness, which is required to validate the model results. Here we use an eight-year time-series of Arctic ice thickness, derived from satellite altimeter measurements of ice freeboard, to determine the mean thickness field and its variability from 65 degrees N to 81.5 degrees N. Our data reveal a high-frequency interannual variability in mean Arctic ice thickness that is dominated by changes in the amount of summer melt, rather than by changes in circulation. Our results suggest that a continued increase in melt season length would lead to further thinning of Arctic sea ice.     

用于ETCG脉冲电源的CPA波形调节策略

根据电热化学炮负载对电源电压、电流波形的特殊要求,提出了以补偿脉冲发电机为大功率脉冲电源的多途径波形调节策略,建立了包括补偿脉冲发电机和毛细管非线性电阻负载的系统模型,并进行了模拟计算结果表明,所提出的调波方式较好地解决了补偿脉冲发电机波形调节问题,可以满足电热化学炮负载对电源的要求。     

基于信息扩散的稀疏数据插值算法

为了解决实际海洋观测资料中存在的零散、稀疏问题,提出了一种基于信息扩散思想的插值方法——正态扩散插值模型。该方法基于模糊映射思想,通过对稀疏数据点的信息进行模糊扩散和插值映射,进而实现有限数据点信息向其邻近区域点的概率插值。运用该算法思想和途径,建立了信息扩散插值正态模型。通过对海温资料的插值试验和对比分析,验证了该方法的合理性和有效性,可为海洋观测资料的客观分析和标准化处理应用提供实用方法和技术参考。     

基于存储扫描方式的任意波形信号发生器卡的设计

设计一种基于PC总线的任意波形信号发生器板卡.该板卡采用大容量存储器,自动扫描电路,16 bit高精度D/A转换实现了在不占用CPU资源的情况下输出任意波形.通过对输出波形的理论误差分析,得到了采样点数、扫描频率对波形输出精度影响的规律,并进行了试验,试验结果表明,该信号发生器板卡可以精确地产生任意波形,输出信号的频带宽度为10-5 Hz～200 kHz,输出信号幅值精度2 mV,在200采样点时频率准确度为99.51%.该卡可以应用在虚拟仪器领域.     

基于高SBS阈值的HNLF产生高重复频率超短光脉冲

基于光纤中的四波混频(FWM)产生高重复频率超短光脉冲的原理,并为抑制光纤中的受激Brillouin散射(SBS),采用非均匀掺杂高SBS阈值非线性光纤,通过FWM对双拍频信号进行整形压缩,实验上获得了100GHz的高重复率超短光脉冲序列,进而分析了入纤功率对输出光脉冲的影响。