毛细管压力、饱和度和相界面积间的关系

多相流体在多孔介质中流动时,传质扩散、非水相溶解等现象都与相间界面有关,利用孔隙级网络模型定量表征每一个孔隙孔喉中流体分布,结合几何知识,计算得到了多相流体在孑L隙级网络模型中流动时的毛细管压力、饱和度和相间界面积,并作出了它们之间的关系曲线.计算结果表明,毛细管压力、饱和度和界面积之间存在着比较明显的相互制约关系.这一关系为研究与界面有关的非水相溶解、界面间的传质等现象奠定了基础.     

毛细管压力、饱和度和相界面积间的关系

多相流体在多孔介质中流动时,传质扩散、非水相溶解等现象都与相间界面有关,利用孔隙级网络模型定量表征每一个孔隙孔喉中流体分布,结合几何知识,计算得到了多相流体在孑L隙级网络模型中流动时的毛细管压力、饱和度和相间界面积,并作出了它们之间的关系曲线.计算结果表明,毛细管压力、饱和度和界面积之间存在着比较明显的相互制约关系.这一关系为研究与界面有关的非水相溶解、界面间的传质等现象奠定了基础.     

考虑润湿反转效应的相对渗透率动态计算方法

润湿反转剂是化学驱提高采收率常用试剂之一,润湿反转剂驱后将改变原始储层岩石性质,对开发中后期油水渗流能力产生较大影响。针对润湿反转过程中相对渗透率曲线难以确定的问题,综合考虑了润湿反转剂导致的界面张力降低及润湿性变化特征,建立了相对渗透率及毛管压力曲线动态计算方法,并分析了润湿反转过程中相对渗透率及毛管压力变化规律。研究表明：油水两相相渗曲线变化同时受到毛管数和润湿性的影响,低毛管数条件下,相渗曲线形态主要受到润湿性的影响,随着毛管数逐渐增大,润湿性的影响减小,最终可以忽略不计。同时,润湿反转剂使得界面张力和毛管力减小,将对渗吸过程产生显著影响,因此,在渗吸驱油过程中,需要对润湿反转剂进行优选,以实现对驱油速度和采收率目标的相对最优。研究结果明确了润湿反转提高采收率过程中相对渗透率及毛管压力的变化规律,为研究润湿反转提高采收率的计算及油藏数值模拟提供了理论基础。     

油气储层岩石毛细管自吸研究进展

毛细管自吸是水驱油气藏和裂缝性油气藏开采的重要机理,也是造成致密气藏水相圈闭损害的主要因素。综述分析毛细管自吸的机理认为,储层岩石毛细管自吸包括润湿相饱和度增加和重新分布2个过程。着重研究初始含水饱和度、物性、裂缝、流体性质和岩石表面性质对毛细管自吸速率影响实验的进展,低初始含水饱和度和裂缝的存在促进毛细管自吸过程,储层损害抑制毛细管自吸,流体界面张力改变和岩石润湿修饰可调控岩石毛细管自吸。毛细管自吸在岩芯分析、提高油气采收率、储层损害评价、工作液优选方面已体现出优越性,为注水、聚合物开采提高油气采收率和有效保护油气层提供依据,将成为研究致密油气藏的重要手段。     

超低渗透油藏见水微观机理研究

从微观角度和宏观角度研究超低渗透油藏见水微观机理和见水特征。微观角度主要以室内实验为基础,首先通过恒流速和恒压差水驱油实验说明超低渗水驱过程中由于油水两相界面的存在导致的水驱油渗流阻力增加;然后通过渗流阻力分析和动态毛管压力实验研究了储层孔喉结构对水驱能力的影响以及水驱油渗流阻力增加的主要原因,结果表明当润湿相水与非润湿相油形成油水界面时,油水两相界面的阻力却远大于水驱油的毛管压力,会导致局部孔隙吼道被油水界面切断,从而不参与渗流。     

基于格子玻尔兹曼的润湿性对降压效果的研究

改变油藏润湿性和降低油水界面张力是解决低渗/特低渗油田注水压力高问题的有效方法。而室内驱替实验时,表面活性剂浓度不仅影响油水界面张力,还会影响岩石表面润湿性能,无法准确评价表面活性剂的润湿性能对降压效果的影响。格子Boltzmann方法通过控制流体和固体间作用参数能够独立控制界面张力大小,并能够模拟任意接触角变化。因此,基于格子Boltzmann方法,应用二维平板模型,考虑粗糙表面,设置微观梯形结构,研究了毛管数、邦德数及黏度比等不同无量纲数条件下润湿性改变对降压率的影响。结果表明,毛管数越小,邦德数越大、黏度比越大、接触角越小,降压率越高、降压效果越明显;接触角存在一个最佳范围,超过此范围继续降低接触角,降压效果不明显;对于多孔介质,改变润湿性对降压率影响比单通道更加明显。     

三相流体非均匀饱和多孔岩石声学模拟与分析

多孔岩石岩性、孔隙度、渗透率变化,导致流体饱和度在储层中非均匀分布.传统的基于流体均匀混合的双相介质模型不能用于计算流体非均匀饱和岩石的声学性质（纵、横波速度）.依据三相流体Brooks-Corey模型、Gassmann理论和边界理论提出了有效计算中观尺度下非均质多孔岩石三相流体非均匀饱和时岩石声学性质的方法,为研究三相流体非均匀分布对岩石声学性质影响提供理论与方法,并建立了在毛管压力平衡状态下非均匀饱和多孔岩石声学性质与总含水饱和度的定量关系.揭示了不同流体饱和状态下纵、横波速度随总含水饱和度的变化规律.实例模拟分析表明,多种岩性岩石组成的多孔岩石储层三相流体非均匀饱和时,纵波速度随总含水饱和度的变化趋于连续变化,而流体均匀饱和岩石,仅在接近完全含水时,纵波速度有明显变化.流体饱和度分布均匀与否对横波速度没有影响,但岩石三相流体饱和与两相流体饱和时相比,横波速度随总含水饱和度的变化特征更加复杂.     

毛细管压力对凝析气体系相态行为的影响

在低渗透多孔介质中 ,由于孔隙半径小而不能忽略毛细管压力对油气体系相平衡的影响。针对这一问题 ,建立了考虑毛细管压力的相平衡计算模型。利用K值多组分模型 (KCOM PVT)软件中的相态模拟计算模块 ,对一个实际凝析气藏中油气体系的毛细管压力、露点压力和恒组成膨胀过程中反凝析液量进行了模拟计算 ,论证了毛细管压力对凝析气体系相平衡的影响程度。计算结果表明 ,润湿性决定毛细管压力对凝析气体系相态行为影响的方式。当润湿角θ为 0～π/2时 ,油气体系的上露点压力上升 ,恒组成膨胀过程中反凝析液量增加 ;当润湿角θ为π/2～π时 ,其变化趋势相反。毛细管半径和界面张力决定毛细管压力对凝析气体系相态行为影响的强弱。只有当毛细管半径低于 10 -5cm时 ,毛细管压力对油气体系相平衡的影响才变得明显     

砂岩储层渗透率与压汞曲线特征参数间的关系

通过对大量岩样毛管压力数据的分析研究发现,在双对数坐标下储层岩石毛管压力曲线呈现明显的双曲线特征,且可用双曲线的两条渐近线Pd和Sb及孔喉几何因子Fg三个参数唯一确定,双曲线的顶点代表了非润湿相在岩石系统中完全占据能有效控制流体流动的那部分有效孔隙空间时的状态。且双曲线的位置形状参数或顶点参数决定了岩石绝对渗透率的大小。分别用位置形状参数和顶点参数成功建立了岩石绝对渗透率的估算模型,并用大量实测数据验证了估算模型的可靠性。     

川西蓬莱镇组致密砂岩毛管自吸水膜厚度变化与水锁关系实验

川西蓬莱镇组致密砂岩储层具有低孔、低渗特征,在开发过程中外来流体导致储层严重水锁损害。因此有必要对致密砂岩毛管自吸条件下不同含水率水膜厚度变化进行研究,为改善水锁损害方法的研究提供依据。利用毛管自吸法加工不同饱含水岩样,以氮气为流动介质,通过公式计算水膜厚度大小;并结合压汞实验数据,设计实验定量的分析水膜厚度差异与水锁关系。结果表明,岩石微观孔径主体分布为200 nm左右,毛管压力高,润湿相受毛管力作用表现为易进难出;当水膜厚度从10 nm增加到90 nm时,有效孔隙半径从100 nm减小到25 nm,氮气渗透率下降了95%。因此,认为通过对比水膜厚度与有效孔径大小可表征相应水锁损害程度,毛管自吸作用水膜厚度的增加导致致密砂岩气藏微观渗流能力下降,且随水膜厚度的不断增加水锁损害加剧。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.