万州城区PM2.5中有机碳与元素碳污染特征

为了解重庆万州区PM2.5中碳质气溶胶的污染特征，于2012—2013年分4个季节采集了 PM2.5样品，并分析了其中有机碳（OC）和元素碳（EC）的浓度。结果显示，在采样期间，万州区 PM2.5中 OC 和 EC 的年平均质量浓度分别为 29.72 μg·m-3和 8.42μg·m-3，OC和 EC浓度之和占到 PM2.5中 27.25%。OC浓度的季节变化趋势由高到低分别为冬季、秋季、春季和夏季，EC在冬季浓度最高，其他季节浓度变化不大。OC和 EC在 4个季节都有较好的相关性（r为 0.67~0.84），其中，冬季相关性最高（r=0.84），秋季相关性(r=0.67)最差，这与污染物来源复杂有关。应用 OC/EC比值法对二次有机碳（SOC）进行估算，SOC年平均浓度为 13.79 μg·m-3，占 OC含量的 46.72%，冬季 SOC的浓度远高于其他季节，冬季较高的 OC排放及较低的大气扩散能力利于碳气溶胶中 SOC 的生成。
     

北京市夏季大气不同粒径气溶胶中 碳质及质量重建研究

对北京市城区2012年夏季大气气溶胶进行PM2.5和PM10石英膜采样,利用热光反射法得到了有机碳(OC,organic carbon)和元素碳(EC,elemental carbon)的含量;应用Stelson方法,结合其质量浓度、元素含量可溶性离子含量对气溶胶质量浓度进行了质量重建与比对.日平均质量浓度结果显示,PM2.5中,OC浓度ρ(OC)为19.4μg·m-3,EC浓度ρ(EC)为3.8μg·m-3.PM10中,ρ(OC)为22.3μg·m-3,ρ(EC)为4.1μg·m-3.OC、EC相关性显著(PM2.5,R2=0.77;PM10,R2=0.91).PM10中有87%的OC和94%的EC集中在PM2.5中.PM2.5和PM10中OC/EC比值分别为5.1和5.7,明显大于2,说明存在二次有机碳.PM2.5和PM10重建值和称质量值相关性R2分别为0.95和0.94,重建值和称质量值比值分别为93%和97%.     

广州夏季大气中碳气溶胶浓度水平及污染特征

2002年6-7月于广州市3个采样点采集PM10和PM25样品,测定了PM10,PM25以及元素碳(EC)和有机碳(OC)的浓度.PM10和PM2.5平均浓度分别为124.77μg@m-3及78.13μg@m-3.PM10和PM2.5中的OC浓度分别为22.3μg@m-3和15.80μg@m-3,EC浓度分别为7.78和5.90μg@m-3,其中73.8%的OC和77.7%的EC存在于PM25中.在3个采样点PM10和PM25中,OC/EC比值均大于2.0,表明广州夏季大气存在二次污染.各种气象条件对OC、EC浓度及其比值的变化都有不同程度的影响,其中降水和风速是OC、EC浓度变化的主要气象因素.     

西安市大气PM_(10)中水溶性有机碳的季节变化及来源分析

为了探讨西安市大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10,空气动力学当量直径≤10μm的悬浮颗粒物)中水溶性有机碳(WSOC)的浓度水平与季节变化,从2006年12月至2007年11月,分季节(每个季节选取1个月)采集了西安市大气PM10样品,并采用燃烧氧化-非分散红外吸收法测定了PM10中的水溶性有机碳,采用热-光碳分析仪测定了样品中的有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC).结果显示,WSOC在春、夏、秋、冬季节的平均质量浓度分别为17.2、14.9、28.3、32.5μg/m3,具有明显的季节变化特征.WSOC占OC的质量比在夏季最高(83.7%)、冬季最低(53.3%).WSOC与OC和EC的相关性分析结果显示:WSOC与EC的相关性微弱,相关系数为0.22;WSOC与OC的相关性很强,相关系数高达0.86.进一步分析显示出WSOC与二次有机碳的相关性达到了0.87,表明西安市大气颗粒物中的WSOC主要是在大气中气-固二次转化形成的.     

重庆三大城区夏季PM_(2.5)中有机碳和元素碳的污染特征

以重庆市渝北区、南岸区和渝中区3个主要城区为研究对象,采集夏季PM2.5样品,应用DRI Model 2001A热/光分析仪,采用IMPROVE-TOR方法测定了PM2.5中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)含量,并对3地的OC、EC污染特征进行了评价,探讨了PM2.5中含碳物质的来源。结果表明,南岸区OC、EC质量浓度分别为(5.8±1.5)、(2.5±0.8)μg·m-3,低于渝北区((8.9±3.2)、(4.2±1.6)μg·m-3))和渝中区((8.8±2.2)、(4.6±1.3)μg·m-3),与PM2.5质量浓度的分布一致,表明渝北区和渝中区的含碳污染物的排放可能较为严重。渝北区、南岸区和渝中区的OC与EC均显著正相关,表明三大城区OC和EC可能分别具有相似的一次污染源。排除降雨天和O3浓度较高的晴天,利用m(OC)/m(EC)比值法对渝北区、南岸区、渝中区二次有机碳(SOC)进行估算,SOC质量浓度分别为(2.0±1.8)、(1.0±0.7)、(2.3±2.0)μg·m-3,占OC比例均低于30%。渝中区SOC对OC的贡献率最高,这可能是因为该地区易于形成城市热岛效应,且热量和辐射效应更加明显,有助于SOC的生成。通过计算PM2.5中8个碳组分丰度,初步判断机动车尾气排放可能是三大城区碳质组分的主要来源。     

上海市淀山湖区域灰霾天大气颗粒物中碳组分的污染特征

采集了上海市淀山湖区域2015年3月至2016年2月灰霾天大气颗粒物中PM_(2.5)样品,重点分析了其中碳组分的污染特征。结果表明,PM_(2.5)年均质量浓度为(69.01±37.05)μg/m~3,数值与有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)和水溶性有机碳(WSOC)显著相关,相关性大小与灰霾程度有关。OC、EC的年均质量浓度分别为(4.46±3.41)μg/m~3和(2.15±1.31)μg/m~3,呈现冬季高、夏季低的趋势,两者显著相关,相关性大小同样与灰霾程度有关。WSOC的年均质量浓度为(2.07±1.40)μg/m~3,春季高于冬季,且灰霾天质量浓度大于非灰霾天相应值。碳组分对大气能见度的影响较大,需得到控制。     

万州城区PM_(2.5)中有机碳与元素碳污染特征

为了解重庆万州区PM2.5中碳质气溶胶的污染特征,于2012—2013年分4个季节采集了PM2.5样品,并分析了其中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的浓度。结果显示,在采样期间,万州区PM2.5中OC和EC的年平均质量浓度分别为29.72μg·m-3和8.42μg·m-3,OC和EC浓度之和达PM2.5的27.25%。OC浓度的季节变化趋势由高到低分别为冬季、秋季、春季和夏季,EC在冬季浓度最高,其他季节浓度变化不大。OC和EC在4个季节都有较好的相关性(r为0.67~0.84),其中,冬季相关性(r=0.84)最高,秋季相关性(r=0.67)最差,这与污染物来源复杂有关。应用OC/EC比值法对二次有机碳(SOC)进行估算,SOC年平均浓度为13.79μg·m-3,占OC含量的46.72%,冬季SOC的浓度远高于其他季节,冬季较高的OC排放及较低的大气扩散能力利于碳气溶胶中SOC的生成。     

济南市大气细颗粒物中的碳组分特征

大气颗粒物作为济南市大气环境的首要污染物,严重影响了济南市环境空气质量.通过对济南市大气细颗粒物的滤膜采样与碳组分分析,对济南市细颗粒物中的碳质组分进行了研究,结果表明,OC、EC的平均质量浓度为12.1、4.8μg/m~3,占PM_(2.5)质量的12.0%和4.8%.OC为PM_(2.5)中的优势碳组分,春、夏、秋季的含量均在10%以上;春、夏、秋季TC对PM_(2.5)的贡献均达到了15%以上.济南春、夏、秋季PM_(2.5)中OC/EC比值分别为2.4、2.4、2.7,均大于2,说明济南春、夏、秋季都存在不同程度的二次有机污染.济南市春、夏、秋季有机碳中SOC的贡献率分别为14.8%、56.9%、49.6%.夏、秋季气温高,日照时间长的气象条件促进了SOC的形成.SOC质量浓度为4.8μg/m~3,总有机碳中SOC的贡献为40.4%,表明SOC已经成为济南市细颗粒物中的重要贡献源.通过对8个碳组分在PM_(2.5)中的含量分析发现,该采样点春、夏、秋季碳组分组成相似,特征组分均为EC1,说明汽油车尾气是济南市主要的污染源.     

广州市住宅室内、外PM2. 5 中碳污染来源解析

旨在对大气PM2.5中碳污染来源进行解析,以寻求科学合理的预防与污染控制对策.在广州市9个居民住宅的室内、室外同步采集了PM2.5样品,对PM2.5中有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)组分采用热光反射分析法(TOR)分析.IMPROVE-TOR法分析OC、EC的过程中,根据固定的温度梯级将OC和EC区分为8个组分(OC1、OC2、OC3、OC4、EC1、EC2、EC3和OPC). 分析了广州市9个采样住宅夏、冬季室内和室外PM2.5中8个碳组分占总碳(TC)的平均丰度及其规律和启示.采用因子分析法对PM2.5中碳污染主要来源的定量贡献进行解析,找出广州市PM2.5中碳污染主要来源及其贡献率.采用简化模型,对室内OC、EC源对室内总碳的相对贡献率,室外OC、EC源对室内总碳的相对贡献率进行了定量化研究.     

上海城乡细颗粒物中碳质、无机和重金属的全组分特征及来源分析

为系统研究我国超大城市上海城乡细颗粒物（PM2.5）的组成特征及来源,本研究于2015年夏季在上海中心城区（普陀区市政大楼）和农村（青浦区淀山湖边）两地进行同步观测,全面分析了两地PM2.5浓度及各种化学组分：水溶性离子（8种）、元素（20种）、有机碳（OC）和元素碳（EC）。结果意外表明,农村站点PM2.5平均质量浓度（43.5±19.8 μg·m-3）高于城区站点（34.8±15.0 μg·m-3）。从化学组分来看,除Ca2+、Mg2+浓度低于城区站外,农村站测得的PM2.5中水溶性离子质量浓度均高于普陀站。二次无机离子（硫酸盐、硝酸盐及铵盐）在两地PM2.5中均占主导地位,贡献超过一半。元素分析表明,燃煤相关排放（以Pb、Hg等为示踪元素）对两地污染贡献均较大,其中城区站点有较显著的道路扬尘和机动车排放影响。观测期间两地同步出现一次PM2.5高浓度污染事件,后向轨迹结合潜在源贡献因子分析（PSCF）表明,本次污染事件可能受浙江北部工业污染物的短距离传输所致。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the