磺酸盐驱油体系在多孔隙砂岩中的滞留与吸附损耗

采用两相滴定法分别考察磺酸盐驱油剂在砂岩表面的吸附损失及在多孔隙砂岩中的驱动损耗。结果表明:磺酸盐类驱油剂在砂岩表面的吸附损失主要与砂岩的表面积正相关;在驱动过程中,多孔隙介质的孔隙体积及孔喉结构是造成驱油剂滞留损失的主要原因;在砂岩表面的吸附及在多孔隙介质中的滞留都会使驱油剂在溶液中的有效质量浓度急剧减小;通过组分间的增溶作用,增加磺酸盐驱油剂在水相中的溶解性能,减少溶液中游离分子的数量,能够降低磺酸盐驱油剂的损失。     

基于交叉验证法探究砾岩储集层特征及对化学驱油剂损耗的影响

以克拉玛依油田七东1区克下组砾岩储集层为研究对象,通过X射线衍射、薄片鉴定、孔渗分析等实验,系统开展储集层纵向岩石学特征、孔隙结构特征及宏观物性变化的研究。结合驱油剂动态损耗实验,采用基于交叉验证的逐步回归法,探究储集层特征对驱油剂损耗规律的影响;并应用Petrel建模计算油藏范围内驱油剂损耗量。结果表明:研究区储集层矿物成分成熟度低,结构成熟度低,储集层呈现中-低孔隙度,渗透率纵向变化大,非均质性显著;驱油剂动态损耗量受储集层特征控制,与储集层渗透率、孔隙度、黏土矿物含量等地质特征有较好的相关关系;应用Petrel建模可以实现快速、准确、可视化的油藏范围内驱油剂损耗量计算。在地质条件复杂、驱油剂损耗机理未完全探究清楚的情况下,通过逐步回归法直接从数据中建立模型;并用交叉验证法对模型进行筛选和优化,是驱油剂损耗量计算领域的一个创新应用。     

两类典型非牛顿驱油剂的渗流特性

为考察不同流变性质的驱油剂在油藏中的渗流规律,基于孔喉作为实际油藏多孔介质最基本的流通单元和孔隙尺度随机分布的特点,提出了多孔介质的微观简化模型--二维随机变截面微管束.采用数值方法研究了粘弹型驱油剂和幂律型驱油剂在单个孔喉和多孔介质微观简化模型中的流动特性.结果表明,对于粘弹型驱油剂,只有当注入强度达到一定值时,粘弹效应才能明显地体现出来,渗流阻力随粘弹性的增强而增加,随孔隙尺度和非均匀程度的减小而增加.对于幂律型驱油剂,其渗流阻力随流体非牛顿性的增强而降低,随孔隙尺度和非均匀程度的变化规律与粘弹型驱油剂大体一致,但是在数值上远小于后者.对比分析驱油剂在岩心中的渗流规律发现,二维随机变截面微管束可作为多孔介质的简化模型,以此作为研究驱油剂渗流机理的基础模型可以避免岩心试验中多因素的综合作用,体现单一因素如流变性、孔隙介质结构和非均质性对驱油剂渗流特性的影响.     

两类典型非牛顿驱油剂的渗流特性

为考察不同流变性质的驱油剂在油藏中的渗流规律,基于孔喉作为实际油藏多孔介质最基本的流通单元和孔隙尺度随机分布的特点,提出了多孔介质的微观简化模型--二维随机变截面微管束.采用数值方法研究了粘弹型驱油剂和幂律型驱油剂在单个孔喉和多孔介质微观简化模型中的流动特性.结果表明,对于粘弹型驱油剂,只有当注入强度达到一定值时,粘弹效应才能明显地体现出来,渗流阻力随粘弹性的增强而增加,随孔隙尺度和非均匀程度的减小而增加.对于幂律型驱油剂,其渗流阻力随流体非牛顿性的增强而降低,随孔隙尺度和非均匀程度的变化规律与粘弹型驱油剂大体一致,但是在数值上远小于后者.对比分析驱油剂在岩心中的渗流规律发现,二维随机变截面微管束可作为多孔介质的简化模型,以此作为研究驱油剂渗流机理的基础模型可以避免岩心试验中多因素的综合作用,体现单一因素如流变性、孔隙介质结构和非均质性对驱油剂渗流特性的影响.     

黏弹性颗粒驱油剂注入性能研究

通过填砂管驱替实验,研究了温度、矿化度、注入速度、注入浓度、孔喉直径与黏弹性颗粒驱油剂粒径中值比值等因素对黏弹性颗粒驱油剂注入能力的影响。研究表明,黏弹性颗粒驱油剂以"堆积堵塞—压力升高—变形通过—压力降低"的方式在多孔介质中运移,具有良好的非均质调整能力。温度、矿化度对黏弹性颗粒驱油剂注入能力影响较小;随着注入速度、注入浓度的增加,黏弹性颗粒驱油剂的注入压力增大;孔喉直径与黏弹性颗粒驱油剂粒径中值比值对黏弹性颗粒驱油剂注入能力影响较大,该值在0.008~0.014时,黏弹性颗粒驱油剂具有良好的深部调驱效果。     

哈得逊油田东河砂岩微观剩余油形成机理

为厘清哈得逊油田东河砂岩微观剩余油形成机理及三次采油的方向,利用岩心扫描电镜、铸体薄片、CT扫描及压汞测试等方法,在哈得逊油田东河砂岩微观非均质级次研究的基础上,通过微观刻蚀薄片水驱油实验和真实岩心水驱油CT扫描研究油水运动状态及微观剩余油形成机理。结果表明:研究区微观非均质性从级次上分为单一孔喉级、局部孔喉组合级与岩心孔喉连通级。油田生产压差形成的动力与毛细管力、黏滞力构成的阻力,以及注入水沿着孔喉中央的驱替速度与沿着孔喉表面的剥离速度的相对大小控制了油水的运动。微观剩余油形成机理为单一孔喉的孔内贯穿作用、润湿捕集作用、角隅滞留作用,局部孔喉组合的旁超作用、指进作用,以及岩心内部的窜流作用。指进作用造成的斑块状剩余油及窜流作用形成的连片富集型剩余油是研究区后期挖潜的重点。     

志丹油田长3储层微观结构特征研究

利用实验分析成果,对志丹油田长3储层微观结构特征进行研究,长3储层属于低孔特低渗透储层,孔隙类型以粒间孔为主,粒内溶孔其次,粒间溶孔及晶间孔少量,局部伴有微裂缝;孔喉结构复杂,特征参数变化大;孔隙直径一般在20~200μm之间,喉道半径一般在0.11~1.13μm之间;孔喉结构主要为大孔粗喉型、小孔—细喉型及小孔—微喉型组合;依据毛管压力曲线形态及曲线特征参数变化区间,将长3砂岩储层划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ共四种微观结构类型;统计结果表明,微观结构是决定储层物性好坏的关键因素。     

高南油田东三段低渗储层特征及其控制因素

以储层微观特征及孔隙结构分析为手段,对高南油田低渗储层的特征及其控制因素进行了研究.结果表明:高南东三段储层岩石类型以长石岩屑砂岩及岩屑长石砂岩为主,储层中起决定作用的孔隙类型主要为粒间溶孔及长石粒内溶孔;喉道主要为片状及弯片状,发育了大孔粗喉型、大-中孔中-细喉型、中孔细喉型、细孔细喉型、微细孔喉型等5种孔喉组合类型;高南东三段60%以上的储层属低渗储层,砂体成因类型、成岩作用及储层微观孔隙结构等是控制低渗储层形成的主要因素;多数低渗储层属于分流河口砂坝成因,压实作用是低渗储层形成的关键成岩作用,储层中喉道直径均值较低及喉道类型是决定研究区储层低渗的直接原因.     

强碱三元体系与萨中地区油藏适应性研究

为保证强碱三元复合驱在大庆油田萨中地区顺利实施,开展了强碱三元复合体系中聚合物分子线团尺寸及其影响因素、岩心渗透率极限及其影响因素和驱油剂分子线团尺寸与岩石孔喉半径匹配关系实验研究。结果表明,随聚合物相对分子质量增加,聚合物分子线团尺寸Dh增大;随聚合物浓度升高,聚合物溶液中Dh呈"增大—减小—增大"趋势;随剪切强度增大,聚合物溶液中Dh先降低后升高。驱油剂岩心渗透率极限随聚合物相对分子质量和浓度增大而增大,随剪切强度的增大而减小。油藏岩石与驱油剂聚合物的适应性受岩石渗透率、聚合物浓度、相对分子质量以及剪切强度等因素影响,强碱三元复合体系"孔喉半径中值/Dh"范围通常在11~21。     

钙离子对部分水解聚丙烯酰胺冻胶失水的作用机制研究

冻胶失水导致的体积收缩会缩短油田调剖堵水作业的有效期,因此冻胶失水问题需要引起足够的重视。考察了CaCl_2对部分水解聚丙烯酰胺/铬(HPAM/Cr)冻胶失水规律的影响,研究了CaCl_2对HPAM/Cr冻胶微观形貌、HPAM流体力学半径、黏度的影响;并通过红外光谱技术分析了CaCl_2对HPAM/Cr冻胶失水的作用机理。实验结果表明,高浓度CaCl_2会促进HPAM/Cr冻胶失水,而低浓度CaCl_2具有抑制HPAM/Cr冻胶失水的作用;冻胶容水孔洞减少是高浓度CaCl_2加剧HPAM/Cr冻胶失水的内在原因;HPAM流体力学半径越小,HPAM/Cr冻胶失水越严重,低浓度CaCl_2具有提高HPAM流体力学半径的作用;低浓度CaCl_2能够降低HPAM的黏度损耗速率;Ca~(2+)可与HPAM分子羧基中的C—O发生交联反应,该反应是低浓度CaCl_2能够提高HPAM流体力学半径、降低HPAM黏度损耗速率以及抑制HPAM/Cr冻胶失水的根本原因。明确了CaCl_2对冻胶失水的作用机理,可为今后研制抗盐高稳定性冻胶提供理论参考和支持。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

The Analects and the Moment in Peking——The influence of a Confucian education system on the personality formation,the way of thinking and the fate of the main characters

0.Preface China has long been boasting of its colorful and immense culture which comprises of Taoism,Confucianism and Buddhism.The interwoven influence among the religions on Chinese way of thinking,on the nation＇s behavior in their social life throughout the long history is beyond list.