离子注入材料改性用强流金属离子源

为满足离子注入材料改性研究和实际应用的需要。研制了一个金属蒸汽真空弧(简称MEVVA)离子源.这是一新型离子源种,它利用阴极和阳极间的真空弧放电原理由阴极表面直接产生高密度金属等离子体,经一多孔三电极系统引出得到强流金属离子束.该源脉冲工作方式,已引出Al,Ti,Fe,Cu,Mo和W等离子,脉冲离子束流强度为0.6～1.26A,Ti的平均束流强度已达10mA.引出束流大小与源的工作参数、引出结构和电压以及阴极材料有关。该源没有气体负载,工作真空度为3×10~(-4)Pa。     

空心阴极重离子源的研究

本文对一台空心阴极重离子源的放电参数、引出参数之间关系进行了理论分析及详细测量,从中找出离子源最佳的工作状态。文中得到的结论适用于等离子体离子源。调试结果,本离子源稳定地工作于引出总束流强度为0.5-1.0mA,归一化亮度≥2×10~9A/m~2·rad~2,等离子体密度为10~(11)～10~(12)cm~(-3),电子温度为5～10eV,能散度≤40eV。     

强直流双等离子体离子源

本文报导了一个强直流输出的双等离子体氢(氘)离子源.当引出电压为18kv 时,可输出100mA 的氢离子流.利用90°偏转磁分析器对引出束流的质量成分作了分析,质子比可达到64%.采用多缝探针法和离子束感光法测定了束流发射度和亮度.在输出流强为50mA,束能量为16kev 时,束流的归一化发射度(相空间面积×βΥ/π)和归一化亮度分别为0.48mm·mrad 和4.4×10~6A/cm~2·rad~2.在不同的工作参数下,测定了源的运行特性.     

轴向场宽束离子源研究

我们研制了用于薄膜工艺的宽束离子源.该源能提供20～3000cV,束流强度最大达100mA 的宽离子束,可根据不同工艺要求,产生均匀束、会聚束及球状发散束等不同束形,并按不同的引出束能量,采用三栅、双栅或单栅引出系统.其最大气耗量为1.2Pa·m~3/s,放电室工作气压1.33×10~(-2)Pa(10~(-4)Torr 量级),可用 N_2、O_2、Ar 及 CH_4等工质工作.它已在离子束溅射镀膜、离子束直接淀积成膜及离子束辅助镀膜工艺得到了应用.证明其性能良好,稳定可靠.本文论述源的工作原理、结构、工作特性及多功能引出系统,并讨论了放电稳定性及薄膜工艺对离子源的要求.     

MEVVA源引出离子束流分布均匀性的初步研究

通过采用加会切磁场、增大离子源阴极与阳极距离并限制源等离子体发射角，从而使源阳极电位高于等离子体电位和采用改变源阳极结构──仅用阳极筒──从而改变弧放电路径这３种方法，对改善ＭＥＶＶＡ源引出离子束流密度分布的均匀性进行了初步的研究。第３种方法从根本上改变了ＭＥＶＶＡ源引出束分布的高斯分布特性，在合适的条件下可能得到更为均匀的束流密度分布。     

强流重离子双等离子体离子源—兼论源的输出流强对离子质量依赖关系的实验验证

本文给出了利用双等离子体离子源产生氦(He),氮(N_2),氧(O_2),氖氦混合(78%Nc+22%He)和氩(Ar)等离子的实经结果.当孤流为5A,引出电压力20KV 时,可给出59mA 的氖离子流,48mA 的氮离子流,35mA 的氧离子流,41mA 的氖氦混合离子流和22mA 的氩离子流.在源引出系统的几何参数和源的工作参数保持不变的条件下,实验验证了源的输出流强对离子质量的依赖关系,即(?).     

电感耦合式射频离子源放电与引出特性实验

为研究电感耦合式射频离子源性能受离子束流、功率强度、工质流量和栅间电压的影响,以束流直径11 cm射频离子源为对象,完成了射频离子源点火起弧关键物理参数的设计和选择,设计并搭建了电感耦合式射频离子源性能试验系统,通过试验研究了射频放电中离子束流、射频功率、工质流量、栅间电压之间的规律。结果表明:射频离子源试验系统设计合理,能够可靠稳定地工作,真空度低于1. 0×10~(-3)Pa的氩工质条件下离子束能量大范围独立可调,在100～1 500 eV范围引出80～460 mA的离子束流,当工质流量一定时,离子源离子束流随射频功率的增大以1 mA/W比率增加,射频功率一定时,离子源束流强度随工质流量增大,在20 sccm时,离子源束流强度至稳定值或者略微增加,合理控制离子源工作参数可以提高离子源工作性能和效率。     

Ti离子注入聚合物纳米结构分析

采用MEVVA源引出的Ti等离子注入聚酯 (PET)薄膜 ,注量在 1× 10 172× 10 17cm- 2 范围 .用透射电子显微镜分析了金属离子注入PET纳米结构随注量增加的变化 .结果表明 ,注入的Ti原子在PET中形成了密集的纳米相 ,这些纳米相均匀地弥散分布在注入层中 .用透射电子显微镜 (TEM )观察横截面表明 ,注入层为 3层结构 .可见Ti的注入已经在注入层中形成了金属化表面 .表面硬度、抗磨损特性和电导率明显地增加 .最后分析了金属离子注入对聚合物特性的改善机理 .     

RFQ冷却聚束器轴向电场对束流传输的影响

介绍了RFQ冷却聚束器的基本原理及施加轴向电场的必要性,采用国际上比较先进的真实相互作用势模型进行蒙特卡洛模拟,得出施加在RFQ冷却聚束器的轴向电场的强度范围。结论是：当轴向电场强度适当时,轴向电场能很好的引导束流,使高品质的束流到达引出系统;轴向电场强度太小,不能顺利引出束流;轴向电场强度太大,会使束流包络发散,导致被引出后的束流品质降低。提示在引出束流的时候,必须选取合适的轴向电场,而不是越大越好。     

316L不锈钢在含氯高温醋酸溶液中的自钝化行为

研究了316L不锈钢在85 ℃,含0.2% KCl的60%醋酸溶液中的自钝化行为. 通过测试试样的恒电流阴极极化曲线,以及恒电流阴极极化后开路电位随时间的变化曲线,提出了316L不锈钢钝化膜的结构模型. 该模型认为316L不锈钢钝化膜由三层构成:最外层主要是由Fe的氧化物以及少量Cr的氧化物组成;第二层主要是Cr的氧化物,含有少量Fe,Mo和Ni的氧化物;最底层主要是Mo,Ni的氧化物和少量的Fe原子. 研究发现: 316L不锈钢在实验醋酸溶液中,经10 mA阴极电流极化15 min后钝化膜生长参数γ最大,而经0.45 mA阴极电流极化30 min后钝化膜生长参数γ最小;316L不锈钢在实验醋酸溶液中,经10 mA阴极电流极化30 min后,自钝化电位最小,而经1 mA阴极电流极化15 min后,自钝化电位最大. 钝化膜结构模型能很好地解释316L不锈钢在实验醋酸溶液中的上述电化学行为.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.