能量色散XRF技术在湖相沉积中的应用——以鄂尔多斯盆地中部地区为例

能量色散X射线荧光技术在针对海相沉积地层的研究中取得了长足进步,但在湖相沉积物的运用中却较少。为了探索该技术在湖相沉积物中的适用性,特针对鄂尔多斯盆地开展了探索性研究。本研究采用配备有铑X射线的X射线荧光仪,基于不同的能量条件分别对主要元素和微量元素进行了系统的测量与分析,共计获得了29种元素的含量变化。研究结果表明,对于湖相碎屑岩沉积,基于能量色散X射线荧光的元素化学能有效区分岩性;判断物质的来源、动植物繁盛程度等古沉积环境。但是,对古生产力恢复、高精度氧化还原条件等古沉积环境的识别上还存在可靠性不高的问题。湖相沉积物元素化学的研究,需要以地质演变过程简单的盆地和地区为出发点,探索合理的地质解释模式。此外,还需要提高仪器的测量精度,重点是消除不同元素在谱图上的相互干扰。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘印支期沉积特征及物源

目的研究鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘惠安堡-马家滩地区印支期河湖相砂岩沉积特征及物源区。方法采用地层层序及沉积格局、实测典型剖面、古流向测量及砂岩碎屑颗粒组成特征研究等综合方法研究。结果划分了印支期构造层序;编制了沉积厚度等值线图及岩相古地理图;编制了古流玫瑰花图;统计了碎屑颗粒组成特征,分析了物源区构造环境。结论研究区印支期构造层由3套构造亚层组成,属于大型河流-三角洲沉积体系,自西北向东南方向延伸,砂岩物源可能与阿拉善地块古元古界变质结晶岩、花岗岩及下古生界火山岩有关。     

叠溪古堰塞湖地震扰动沉积物特征

探讨湖相沉积物的粒度特征,研究大地震发生的周期。岷江上游叠溪古堰塞湖沉积物中保存了大量气候环境信息和地质环境信息。通过地面调查、岩心观察、粒度测试分析加以测龄、环境气候分析的方法,对叠溪古堰塞湖全断面岩心中具有明显扰动特征的扰动层及其下卧层(下接触层)土壤进行分析。结果表明,岩心中存在10个明显的扰动层,其扰动现象与叠溪古堰塞湖地表出露的扰动现象一致。扰动层粒度总体上大于其下卧层(下接触层)。扰动层沉积物的平均粒径(d50)在0.006 8~0.010 7mm,大多数为0.008mm左右。扰动层的粉粒含量波动较大,其下卧层粉粒的质量分数大多在64%左右;相对应黏粒的质量分数,扰动层多在33%左右,而其下卧层波动较大。这些扰动层与下卧层的特征反映了湖相沉积物在沉积过程中受到外力影响而发生的变化。结合测龄资料,初步推测大地震发生的周期大约是850a。     

黄河口凹陷烃源岩特征及其在层序地层格架中的分布

基于钻井和实测资料对研究区进行有机地化和沉积学分析,总结典型富生烃凹陷黄河口凹陷3套湖相烃源岩的特征及沉积背景,以此为基础进行层序研究,探讨黄河口凹陷古近系湖相烃源岩有机质丰度评价指标随沉积旋回的演变和层序构型的不同所表现出来的变化趋势,预测优质烃源岩在层序地层格架中的分布规律。结果表明,沙三及沙一段均为好烃源岩,东二下—东三段为中—好的烃源岩,3套烃源岩有机质类型均以Ⅱ型为主;沙一段烃源岩发育于咸化水体的浅湖环境,东二下—东三段和沙三段烃源岩发育于淡水—微咸水中稳定的浅湖—深湖相沉积;地层中泥岩质量含量达60%以上时,烃源岩具较高的有机质丰度;优质烃源岩主要发育在以基准面上升半旋回为主的层序类型中,基准面上升和下降半旋回相当的层序类型中次之,在以基准面下降半旋回为主的层序类型中最次,且几种层序类型中的有机质丰度高值均出现在最大湖泛面附近。     

湖泊表层沉积物中GDGTs化合物分布特征及与环境因子的响应研究——以新疆博斯腾湖为例

采用液相高效色谱-大气压化学电离-质谱仪对新疆博斯腾湖不同湖区表层沉积物甘油二烷基甘油四醚类脂物(GDGTs)化合物的组成及分布进行了系统分析,运用主成分分析、冗余分析和相关性分析考察了GDGTs化合物及其相关温度指标对环境因子的响应.结果表明,博斯腾湖不同湖区GDGTs化合物的组成与分布存在显著差异.其中,湖水pH值及电导率对支链GDGTs化合物的分布影响较为显著.甲基化指标与湖水pH、电导率呈正相关.湖水深度与pH值对类异戊二烯GDGTs化合物的分布影响较为显著.四醚指标与电导率、水深呈负相关.     

民勤盆地12kaBP以来的沉积旋回

ZY剖面沉积物的粒度特征反映了民勤盆地降水、水动力搬运强度及湖面水位高低的变化，利用剖面沉积物的粒度资料，发现该剖面自12kaBP以来风成沉积与湖相和浅湖相沉积在粒度上具有多次显著的粗细韵律交替变化，粒度参数Mz，σ，Sk，Kg和SC／S亦随之相应为多波动峰谷交替的态势．同时，粒度特征值Φ5，Φ16，Φ25，Φ50，Φ75，Φ84，Φ95相应地表现为非常有节奏地跳动，据此，将ZY剖面分为2个风成沉积、2个湖相沉积和2个浅湖相沉积，并认为其是12kaBP以来在东亚冬夏古季风交替影响下沙漠演变的一个颇为完整的气候—地层记录。本剖面不仅可以作为古环境与古气候变化的自然记录，而且剖面所反映的环境变化为研究本区土地退化、荒漠化等问题提供了自然背景。     

兰州地区晚新生代沉积的岩石磁学记录及其古环境意义

位于黄土高原和西北干旱区过渡带的兰州地区,在晚新生代发育了一套风成红黏土和冲积—河湖相沉积.这套地层详细的岩石磁学研究结果表明,磁化率等一些磁学参数在细节上可能反映成壤作用强弱,但在大的趋势上大致反映干旱化,在长尺度研究中可作为干旱化的指标.S-300mT等另一些磁学参数主要反映赤铁矿质量分数,与红度值明显相关,因此同红度一样可作为温度的指标.底部冲积一河湖相沉积中黏土的主要载磁矿物是磁铁矿和赤铁矿;中下部红黏土沉积的主要载磁矿物是磁赤铁矿和赤铁矿,可能含针铁矿;中上部红黏土主要的载磁矿物是磁赤铁矿、磁铁矿和赤铁矿,可能含针铁矿.利用岩石磁学恢复的古环境表明,兰州地区在8.35～7.2 Ma是一个较为温暖的以冲洪积和河湖相为主的沉积环境;7.2～3.5 Ma主要为干陆地环境,同主体黄土高原一样接受粉尘沉积;6.3 Ma风尘沉积在沉积物中开始占主导地位;5.2 Ma兰州及其周边地区发生了急剧干旱化,可能伴随着快速降温;3.5 Ma开始的青藏高原运动A幕使兰州盆地瓦解,并于1.4 Ma开始接受黄土沉积,成为了黄土高原的西缘部分.     

甘肃省阿克塞县向阳煤矿的侏罗系

甘肃省阿克塞县向阳煤矿的侏罗系属于早中侏罗世的窑街组,可以划分为3个岩性段,并分别代表了3个不同的沉积环境：早期为偏氧化的河湖相;中期为还原环境下的湖沼相,是该区的主成煤期;晚期为还原环境下的河湖相,沉积盆地距离物源区很近,物源区处于快速抬升的强剥蚀期;上岩段与中岩段之间存在一个明显的沉积间断。     

铀曲线在沉积盆地古环境反演中的应用

由于地球化学及古生物指标有限,对沉积盆地古环境进行高分辨率反演是一个难度较大的地质课题。对东营凹陷牛38井自然伽马能谱曲线中的铀含量曲线进行了分析,认为此值与该井地球化学测试所获得的有机碳值有着良好的对应关系,表明铀值可以作为有价值的古环境研究参数,铀曲线可以作为重要的古环境研究工具。铀值升高,代表气候潮湿性增强,水体加深;铀值降低,反映气候潮湿性减弱,干燥性增强,水体变浅。运用水深函数、能量函数及水体动荡函数对铀值进行方差分析,可以更好地反映古水体环境的变化。研究表明,牛38井沙三段中自下而上气候潮湿程度降低,水体能量逐渐增强,水体逐渐变浅。     

辽西早白垩世义县组大康堡层纹泥的古环境意义

辽西地区义县组湖泊沉积层中产出著名的“热河生物群”化石,对于此时期古环境的研究一直是诸多学者关注的焦点.本文对大康堡层湖相纹泥展开研究,重建此时期古环境.通过野外及室内对纹泥组成、类型、厚度等方面的观测,对此时期古气候有了新的认识.纹泥厚度特征变化表明沉积期降水量和沉积速率逐渐减小,统计洪水沉积间纹层数量可指示沉积期洪水事件的频率和规模.结合近现代纹泥形成和保存条件,可知该地区沉积期湖泊水体较深,湖水分层,存在一个缺氧环境,具有较小的表面积/深度比,湖盆形态适合,未受到风的侵扰.     

Bound lipids in lacustrine sediments in Guchenghu Lake, East China

Conclusion Lipids present in different modes of occurrence in lacustrine sediments vary obviously in their composition. The ester-bound and amide-bound lipids are more likely to be derived from autochthonous input such as bacteria, algae and fungi in the lake, and they were more stable than the free lipids in the process of early diagenesis. Bound lipids record the more actual information about the paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental changes. Amide-bound P-hydroxy fatty acids can be used as a fingerprint of the past bacterial communities which is informative to the paleoenvironment.     

Molecular organic geochemical peculiarities of lacustrine core sediments in Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica

The peculiarities of lipids in lacustrine core sediments from Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica, are reported. The origin of high-molecular-weight n-alkanes, alkenes,fatty acids, alcohols is supposed to be related to the abundant moss occurring in the sediments.Abundant iso-and anteiso-fatty acids that occur in the sediments indicate a relatively strong bacterial activity in non-ice-cover zone than in other regions in Antarctica. The C18:2 unsaturated fatty acids mainly originate from autochthonous algae in the sediment pool, and the C18:2/C18:0ratios in the profile are controlled more by paleotemperatures than source assemblies. Long-chain alkenones were identified in freshwater lacustrine sediment in Antarctica for the first time, of which Prymnesiophyceae is assumed to be the source organism. High relative abundance of C37:4honologue in long-chain alkenone well correlates to the severely cold climate in Antarctica.     

Molecular organic geochemical peculiarities of lacustrine core sediments in Fildes Peninsula,King George Island,Antarctica

The peculiarities of lipids in lacustrine core sediments from Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica, are reported. The origin of high-molecular-weight n-alkanes, alkenes, fatty acids, alcohols Is supposed to be related to the abundant moss occurring in the sediments. Abundantiso- andanteiso-fatty acids that occur in the sediments indicate a relatively strong bacterial activity in non-ice-cover zone than in other regions in Antarctica. The C_18:2 unsaturated fatty acids mainly originate from autochthonous algae in the sediment pool, and the C_18:2C_18:0 ratios in the profile are controlled more by paleotemperatures than source assemblies. Long-chain alkenones were identified in freshwater lacustrine sediment in Antarctica for the first time, of whichPrymnesiophyceae is assumed to be the source organism. High relative abundance of C_37:4 homologue in long-chain alkenone well correlates to the severely cold climate in Antarctica.

     

子长—蟠龙地区长1半深—深湖相沉积及其生油意义

目的研究子长—蟠龙地区长1油层组对本区油藏形成的影响。方法利用钻屑、测井、露头观察及化验资料等综合分析本区长1油层组的沉积特征和生烃能力。结果子长—蟠龙地区上三叠统延长组长1段上部(T3y55)广泛发育深湖相暗色泥岩、油页岩及浊积岩,其下伏为长1中下部交织河沉积,二者之间发生了一次突然水进,形成了10～15 m的深湖相泥岩、油页岩,其下沉积的为60～100 m的半深湖粉砂泥与浊积岩沉积。湖相沉积顶部被侏罗系延安组砂岩侵蚀切割,二者之间为平行不整合接触。从暗色泥岩厚度图可以看出,子长—蟠龙地区湖相东西宽度60 km,南北长120 km,且该区仅为原始湖泊的东半部中间部分,原始湖泊的面积应向南、西、北3个方向延伸至少两倍以上的面积。长1暗色泥岩有机质丰度高,有机碳含量大于4%,多为II1型干酪根,达到成熟阶段,因而具较好的生烃能力。结论该区广泛发育的长1湖相烃源岩对于盆地广大地区长2和侏罗系油藏的形成都具有重要意义。     

Spatial distribution and stratigraphic characteristics of surface sediments in Taihu Lake,China

A geophysical survey was carried out for Taihu Lake, one of the largest shallow lakes in China. The StrataBox™ Marine Geophysical Instrument was applied for the first time to obtain high-resolution seismic data (in the form of vectorgraphs) of the lake sediment. Data were then interpreted by SonarWiz.Map acoustics software. Data were correlated with core stratigraphy from the lake as well as an outcrop on the northern side of the lake at Yao Bay. Results show that the upper 10 m sediment (beneath the interface of the sediment and the overlying lake water) is characterized by laminated sediments, which can be classified into two stratal types, i.e. lacustrine sediment stratum (U1) and underlying hard loess stratum (U2). The contact of these two lithologies is not continuous, and part of it is absent in the lake basin. Unequally spread over the lake basin, the lacustrine sediment (mainly consisting of sludge and muddy-clay) is found in areas along the western bank, to the northwest of the Xishan Mountains and along the northwestern side of the lake. In the rest of the lake basin, the hard loess stratum is exposed in outcrops. The depth of the lacustrine sediment ranges from 1 to 2 m, while the depth of the sludge (closely related to the modern lacustrine environment) varies from 0.03 to 1.0 m. The spatial distribution of lacustrine sediments in Taihu Lake is primarily influenced by transportation and sedimentation of riverine materials, as well as the hydrodynamics of lake currents.     

济阳坳陷古近系碎屑岩地层中震积岩识别标志研究

在陆相湖盆中，地震引起的各种作用力可以对各种先成沉积物进行改造而形成震积岩，建立准确可信的识别标志是震积岩研究中最关键的问题之一。应用大量岩心、薄片和成像测井分析资料，对济阳坳陷古近纪沙河街组砂泥质沉积中地震灾变事件的：典型识别标志及其成因进行了研究。结果表明，震积作用可以形成特殊的构造标志（层内阶梯状微断层、震裂缝、混合层构造等）、沉积和成岩标志（液化砂、泥岩岩脉和泄水构造、串珠状构造、震积砂枕及砂球构造、液化卷曲变形构造等）及特殊的岩石类型（震褶岩、震裂岩、震塌岩及液化角砾岩等）。研究区未固结富含孔隙水的软沉积物以地震液化序列为主，半固结或固结的沉积物以断裂和破碎变形的震积序列为主，序列的完整性取决于剖面位置、地震震级及地震持续时间，特别是发生地震处的岩性。此研究可识别陆相湖盆地震事件沉积，提供判断储集砂体成因的对比标准，为正确判断储集砂体的“多元”性提供地质理论依据。     

湖相沉积浮游藻类及有机质类型与烃源研究

中国含油盆地的湖相生油岩大多含有丰富的化石浮游藻类,主要包括非海相沟鞭藻囊孢和单细胞绿藻珠江口盆地西部早第三纪湖相生油岩的详细研究证实,化石浮游藻类相对丰度（占孢粉型总数）和无定形有机质含量（占干酪根总量）的高值指示古湖表层水高生产力和底部水体贫氧环境．表层水高生产力为湖泊沉积物提供大量的原地生藻质富氢有机质,贫氧的湖底有利于这类藻质无定形有机质堆积与保存．     

New progress of lake sediments and environmental changes research in China

Environmental change recorded by lake sediments is one of the important branches of the past global changes study. The new progress of lake sediments and environmental changes in China since the late 1980s has been comprehensively discussed. The highlights emphasized are Asian paleomonsoon migration reflected by lake level fluctuation, uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau recorded by lacustrine sediments, saltlake sediments and environmental evolution, lake response to the natural-human interaction and modern lake biogeochemical process. Meanwhile important suggestions for the lake sediments and environmental research in the future are proposed, which include studies on the quantitative relationship between lake environment proxies and climate factors, high-resolution evolutionary sequence and spatial differentiation of environments, modern lake dynamic process and environment, Quaternary Chinese lake database and global changes.     

Environmental magnetic studies of lacustrine sediments

In recent decades, environmental magnetism has become an important method for studying past global climatic and environmental changes. For an environmental magnetic study, it is important to understand the magnetic properties, of various magnetic minerals in lacustrine sedimcuts and the processes involved in the formation, transport,and preservation of these magnetic minerals. The magnetic response of lacustrine sediments to climatic change may vary widely from lake to lake. To reconstruct the processes contributing to paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental change, it is, therefore, necessary to derive a complete understanding of the potential origin of the magnetic signal observed.     

Humid medieval warm period recorded by magnetic characteristics of sediments from Gonghai Lake,Shanxi, North China

Variations in monsoon strength, moisture or precipitation in eastern China during the MWP reflected by different climatic records have shown apparent discrepancies. Here, detailed environmental magnetic investigations and mineralogical analyses were conducted on lacustrine sediments of Core GH09B1 (2.8 m long) from Gonghai Lake, Shanxi, North China, concerning the monsoon history during the MWP. The results demonstrate that the main magnetic mineral is magnetite. The sediments with relatively high magnetic mineral concentrations were characterized by relatively fine magnetic grain sizes, which were formed in a period of relatively strong pedogenesis and high precipitation. In contrast, the sediments with low magnetic mineral concentrations reflected an opposite process. The variations of magnetic parameters in Gonghai Lake sediments were mainly controlled by the degree of pedogenesis in the lake drainage basin, which further indicated the strength of the Asian summer monsoon. The variations in the and S 300 parameters of the core clearly reveal the Asian summer monsoon history over the last 1200 years in the study area, suggesting generally abundant precipitation and a strong summer monsoon during the Medieval Warm Period (MWP, AD 910–1220), which is supported by pollen evidence. Furthermore, this 3–6-year resolution environmental magnetic record indicates a dry event around AD 980–1050, interrupting the generally humid MWP. The summer monsoon evolution over the last millennium recorded by magnetic parameters in sediments from Gonghai Lake correlates well with historical documentation (North China) and speleothem oxygen isotopes (Wanxiang Cave), as well as precipitation modeling results (extratropical East Asia), which all indicate a generally humid MWP within which centennial-scale moisture variability existed. It is thus demonstrated that environmental magnetic parameters could be used as an effective proxy for monsoon climate variations in high-resolution lacustrine sediments.