三峡工程成套设备研究

“九五”期间，三峡工程水轮发电机组、部分输变电设备、部分专用施工机械等成套设备处于采用引起技术、消化吸收和实现国产化的关键阶段；永久船闸、升船机的水工机械及大型金属结构等主要立足于国内进行科技攻关解决关键技术问题进并进行研制．因此，“九五”期间进行以上项目的科技攻关，重点解决关键技术问题，结合技术引起，消化吸收并大胆创新，为我所用，对三峡工程达到一流技术、一流质量、一流施工和对实现我国水电制造业和输变电制造业技术进步及其加速实现国产化都具有重大意义．     

三峡工程与可持续发展

三峡工程规模宏大,举世瞩目,具有巨大的防洪、抗旱、发电、航运等综合效益,是开发治理长江的骨干工程.它的建成,促进我国经济、社会、资源与环境相互协调和可持续发展.三峡工程对生态与环境产生广泛而深远的影响,它的有利影响主要在长江中下游,能有效地控制洪水、防涝抗旱、提供清洁能源、改善长江航运;不利影响主要在库区,形成库区淹没和大量移民.三峡工程建设要使有利影响得到充分发挥,并采取有效措施;做好可行性论证、环境影响评价、阶段性评估、后评估和后续工作,使不利影响得到减免.环境保护是一项基本国策.可持续发展是满足当代人及其子孙后代需求能力的发展.我国制订了《中国21世纪议程—中国21世纪人口、环境与发展白皮书》,它是促进我国经济可持续发展的指导性文件.三峡工程已于1993年12月开工,1997年11月大江截流,2003年6月水库蓄水、永久船闸通航,7月第一批机组发电;2009年全部工程竣工投产.三峡工程将促进西部大开发与长江流域可持续发展,对中国的能源和经济建设做出最大的贡献,也是对长江流域最大的生态与环境保护.三峡工程是一项可持续发展工程.     

The construction management system and practice of Three Gorges Project

Three Gorges Project (TGP),the largest water resources and hydropower project in the world with huge scale and complex techniques,has great comprehensive benefits mainly in flood control,power generation and navigation improvement.Through 17-year construction and practice,the project has been successfully completed.Some valuable experience from the successful construction of TGP has been gained for the management system and mechanism of hydropower project construction in China.Its construction management mode produces important influences on the management system of domestic capital construction.With combination of the construction management practice of TGP,the characteristics of management system and mechanism are summarized,and the suggestions on current hydropower development system and construction management mode are put forward.     

Some Rock and Soil Mechanical Issues in TGP Construction

1OverviewoftheTGP[1 - 3]　TheThreeGorgesProjectisakeybackboneprojectindevelopmentandharnessingoftheYangtzeriver,withhugecomprehensivebenefitssuchasfloodcontrol,powergenerationandnavigationimprovement.Theprojectconsistsofthedam ,powerplantsandnavigationstructures .Thedamisofaconcretegravitytypewithamax .heightof 181m .Thepowerplantis ,ofadam behindtype ,installedwith 2 6setsofturbinegeneratingunits,70 0MWeach ,182 0 0MWintotal,whichgenerateanelectricityof 84 7TW·hannually .Thenavigation…     

三峡工程论证回顾

三峡水利枢纽规模宏大,举世瞩目,具有巨大的防洪、发电、航运等综合效益,是开发治理长江的骨干工程.三峡工程从提出到基本完工长达90年.早在1919年,孙中山先生第一次提出修建三峡大坝,装机2 240万kW;1944年9月美国萨凡奇博士规划在长江三峡修建225 m高坝,装机1 522.5万kW.1956、1957年毛泽东、周恩来先后提出修建长江三峡水利枢纽.40年来历经反复规划论证与设计,于1992年4月3日经七届人大五次会议审议通过,三峡工程从此进入实施阶段.三峡工程论证是一个系统工程,其目的是充分论证三峡工程在技术上的可行性与经济、财务上的合理性;其方法是列出论证专题,成立专家组,通过现场勘测、规划,专家与群众相结合分析、论证;最终提出论证结论和可行性研究报告.三峡工程论证是科学化、民主化决策的典范,它凝聚了从孙中山到萨凡奇,从毛泽东到党的几代中央领导集体的远见卓识,凝聚了广大知识分子和劳动人民的心血与智慧.三峡工程的兴建,长江水资源的开发与利用,必将促进长江流域经济、社会、资源与环境相互协调和可持续发展,构建和谐社会,促进中国经济的进一步腾飞.     

三峡工程论证决策过程及其实践检验

举世瞩目的三峡水利枢纽工程是世界上规模最大的水电站,也是中国有史以来建设的最大型水利水电工程。2010年10月26日,三峡水库蓄水首次达到设计水位175 m,这标志着其防洪、发电、航运等各项功能达到设计要求。三峡工程从构想、论证、设计、建设至竣工全面投入运行历时近百年。当初兴建三峡工程的构想是如何提出的？三峡工程究竟起什么作用？存在什么分歧意见？是如何进行论证的？论证的结论怎样？这是许多人关心而又不太了解的,笔者在文中做了扼要的介绍,以纪念世纪之梦的实现。     

The demonstration, decision process and practice of Three Gorges Project

The world-famous Three Gorges Project (TGP) is the largest hydropower station in the world and the largest water resources and hydropower project constructed in China.The impoundment of Three Gorges Reservoir reached the design water level of 175 m for the first time on October 26,2010,which indicated that the project had met design requirements of various functionalities of flood control,power generation and navigation.To complete the project it took nearly 100 years for conception,demonstration,design and construction of the TGP.How was the conception of TGP proposed? What kind of role should it be? What were the different opinions? How was the project demonstrated? What was the conclusion of demonstration? Those are the issues that many people care and don’t know about.To memorize the realization of the century dream of Chinese people and to record the history of development of TGP,the author presents a compendious introduction to the project.     

The planning and comprehensive utilization of Three Gorges Project

Abstract: As the most significant water project, the Three Gorges Project (TGP) was designed to take care of multiple objectives for water utilization such as flood control, power generation and navigation. The implementation of the project will improve the flood safety level of Jingjiang reach to more than 100-year return period, which will reduce greatly the flood risk at the mid-lower reaches of Changjiang River, produce huge quantity of energy for the central, east and south China, and improve significantly the navigation conditions of Chuanjiang River. Meanwhile, the operation of the TGP in dry season which will compensate the downstream water resources, will as well deepen the navigation channel and thus improve the navigation conditions in the middle river reach. With the increasing demands raised from various aspects of the society, new requirements will be made for the TGP for the purpose of harnessing, development and protection of the Yangtze River Basin. Therefore, it will be a long-term task for the operation of TGP on how to optimize the water resources utilization and implement an effective operation.     

三峡工程是改善长江生态、保护环境的工程

逐水而居是人类生存的自然选择, 长江和地球上其他江河一样, 是人类文明的发祥地和生存繁衍的好居所。长江流域作为一个生态系统, 在自然因素和人类活动的影响下正在不断地演变中。由于水土流失、污染以及人类活动等, 加剧了次生环境的不平衡,使生态环境变得更加脆弱, 缓减和改善这种生态危机已刻不容缓。实践证明,工程措施是人类改善生态环境的有效途径之一。三峡工程防洪库容221.5亿m3,可有效地拦蓄宜昌以上的洪水,保护其下游1 500万人口和150万hm2田地,并能防止或减缓洞庭湖等长江中游湖泊的淤积萎缩,年均发电量约900亿kW·h,可大大减少二氧化碳及有害气体的排放,在总体上,有利于长江流域、全国乃至全球生态和环境的保护。     

Three Gorges Project: a project for ecological improvement and environmental protection in Yangtze River Basin

Seeking water and earning their livelihoods is the natural selection of human beings.Like other rivers on the earth,the Yangtze River is the birthplace of human civilization and survival.As an ecosystem,the Yangtze River Basin is evolving under the influences of natural factors and human activities.Because of soil erosion,pollution and human activities,the imbalance of secondary environment is exacerbated and the ecological environment has become more vulnerable,so it is urgent to mitigate and prevent the ecological crisis.The practice has proved that implementation of engineering measures is an effective way to improve the ecological environment.The Three Gorges Project (TGP) has a flood control storage capacity of 22.15 billion m 3,effectively storing the flood water upstream of Yichang,and protects 15 million people and 1.5 million hm 2 farmland.Furthermore,the project can prevent or slow down the sedimentation and shrinkage of the lakes in the middle Yangtze River such as Dongting Lake;with an average annual power generation of about 90 billion kW· h,it can significantly reduce the emissions of harmful gas like CO 2.In general,the construction of TGP is conducive to the ecological and environmental protection in the Yangtze River Basin and China,even the world.     

Key Technical Issues of TGP Permanent Shiplock

1Keytechnicalissuesinthegenerallayoutofnavi gationstructures　ThegenerallayoutofTGPnavigationstructuresischaracterizedbyabigdis chargeatthedam ,ahighcontentofsedimentinflowandcomplicatedgeog raphyatthedamsite ,whereisneces sarybothtosolvethesedimentationandflowconditionfornavigationandtodealwiththerelationshipbetweennavigationstructuresontheonehandandpowergenerationandfloodcontrolontheoth er.1 1Selectionofthedamsiteandthearrangementoftheaxisoftheproject　Thegenerallayoutofthenavigationstruct…     

Scientific and technological progress and innovation of Three Gorges Project

In the design,construction and operation periods of the Three Gorges Project (TGP),great challenges have been met in different fields such as water resources and hydropower project construction,electromechanical equipment manufacture and ecological environment protection.In view of the key techniques and difficulties in the construction period,scientific and technological breakthroughs have been made by the experts and scholars of various fields and a series of innovative achievements are gained,which make the scientific and technological levels in relevant fields improved.Some major innovative achievements in the construction and operation of TGP are enumerated,which are significant for the hydropower project construction and clean energy development in the future in China.     

三峡工程科技进步与创新

三峡工程在设计、建设和运行过程中,对我国水利水电工程建设、机电设备制造和生态环境保护等各个领域提出了巨大的挑战。针对三峡工程建设的关键技术和难题,国内各个领域的专家学者,进行联合科研攻关,取得了一系列重大创新成果,提高了我国相关领域的科技水平。简要列举了三峡工程建设和运行过程中形成的主要创新成果,对我国今后重大水利水电工程建设和水电清洁能源开发具有重要意义。     

基于全生命周期的城市轨道交通PPP项目经济性测算研究

随着城市轨道交通PPP项目规范性水平不断提升,程序的合规性已逐步得到完善,但经济的合理性尚未在业内形成有效的技术支撑。由于城市轨道交通PPP项目的投资巨大且经济组成横跨整个项目周期并具有多样性、复杂性特征,经济性测算偏差将严重影响项目绩效。对此,本研究从全生命周期视角系统分析了城市轨道交通PPP项目的经济性测算的基础要点和核心要点,并提出完善经济性测算的相应对策,旨在归纳城市轨道交通PPP项目经济性测算的重点环节和优化路径,以均衡各利益相关方的经济诉求,保证项目的顺利实施。     

借助生产性服务业推动皖江城市带与长三角一体化经济发展

生产性服务业作为现代服务业的重要组成,在建立现代产业体系、转变经济发展方式和加快调整产业结构方面都起着相当重要的作用。近几年来,我国的生产性服务业一直保持着比较快的增长态势,不断呈现出新的特点,蕴藏着巨大的发展潜力。本文将通过分析生产性服务业在皖江城市带与长三角区域经济发展中的作用,提出借助生产性服务业的发展来推动皖江城市带与长三角区域的一体化发展建议。     

中国海洋可再生能源技术进展

 综述了现阶段中国潮汐能、潮流能、波浪能、温差能等海洋可再生能源的技术进展,将中国江厦4.1 MW潮汐能电站、浙江大学650 kW潮流能电站、中国科学院广州能源研究所500 kW波浪能电站、自然资源部第一海洋研究所15 kW温差能电站在关键技术参数和装置规模上与国外先进的海洋能装置进行了比较。中国在发电关键技术能量转化效率方面总体上接近国际先进水平,但在装机功率、海试时间及装置可靠性上仍存在一定的差距。建议在研发关键获能技术的同时,开展海洋能装备共性技术的研发,以提高海洋能装置运行的可靠性和安全性。同时,积极开展海洋能绿色技术和海洋能综合利用的研究,促进海洋能关键技术的转化,推进海洋能装备的产业化进程。     

重大水利水电工程对重要水生生物的影响与调控

针对我国多个流域所面临的生物资源更替与衰退问题,阐明重大水利水电工程对河流重要水生生物的影响机理,总结流域水生态调控方法和关键技术,以期为我国流域水生态文明建设和生态保护提供相关技术支撑。主要聚焦长江等我国大型河流,评述了重大水电工程影响下四大家鱼、中华鲟等重要水生生物的生存现状与变化趋势;通过揭示重大水利水电工程建设与运行对重要水生生物生境的多种胁迫效应,分析了重要水生生物自然繁殖的可调控性与实现途径;进而结合重大水利水电工程生态调控实践,系统论述了促进重要水生生物自然繁殖的水利工程优化调控关键技术及其适用性。     

三峡工程施工设计与实践

三峡枢纽工程施工规模巨大,施工强度高,技术复杂。针对施工期通航、长江截流、高强度土石方和混凝土施工、三期碾压混凝土围堰和双线五级船闸等诸多施工技术难题,工程采用了“三期导流、明渠通航、围堰发电”施工方案。文章重点介绍了施工导流、土石方和混凝土工程施工实践与主要创新成果。