格物致知三峡工程

<正>《科学世界》2011年第9期曾刊登"聚焦三峡"专刊,科学、理性又浅显易懂地系统介绍了长江三峡工程的历史背景、论证过程、综合效益、兴利除害和生态环境效应,加深了读者和社会公众对三峡工程的认识。时间又过去了5年多,三峡工程已蓄水运行13年,实践证明三峡工程已全面达到了论证和设计的预期目标。三峡工程是人类在世界第三大河流上的巨大造物活动,必然引起国内外的广     

科学论证是重大工程正确决策的基础

三峡工程是中国，也是世界最大的水利综合利用枢纽。1986～1989年，全国412位专家参加的三峡工程重新论证，为工程开工建设奠定了基础。三峡工程7年多以来建设进展顺利，工程施工按批准的总进度计划实施，工程投资控制在审定的初步设计总概算范围内，施工质量良好，满足设计要求。重新论证的若干重要结论得到了初步验证，大江截流、深水围堰、永久船闸高陡边坡开挖稳定，特高强度混凝土浇筑施工等一系列重大科技难题得到克服，充分证明了当年科学论证的必要性和正确性。     

三峡工程应按“一级开发,一次建成,分期蓄水,连续移民”的建设方案全面实施

 三峡工程自开工建设以来，进展顺利，可以按照国家批准的建设方案和进度完成各项建设和移民搬迁安置任务，使工程发挥其巨大的综合效益。 三峡工程自提出至今，一直备受国内外的关注，有些专家不断为三峡工程建设提出一些意见和建议。在１９８６年再次进行的由全国各行业专家４１２人参加的近３年的重新论证工作中，更是集中了全国专家的意见，研究解决了工程建设中的各项关键技术问题，确定了工程建设方案。三峡工程建设论证时间之长、论证范围之广、参加人员之多、决策程序之慎重严密，在国内工程建设史上是独一无二的，在国外也难见一二。     

三峡工程应按“一级开发，一次建成，分期蓄水，连续移民”的建设方案全面实

三峡工程自开工建设以来，进展顺利，可以按照国家批准的建设方案和进度完成各项建设和移民搬迁安置任务，使工程发挥其巨大的综合效益。 三峡工程自提出至今，一直备受国内外的关注，有些专家不断为三峡工程建设提出一些意见和建议。在１９８６年再次进行的由全国各行业专家４１２人参加的近３年的重新论证工作中，更是集中了全国专家的意见，研究解决了工程建设中的各项关键技术问题，确定了工程建设方案。三峡工程建设论证时间之长、论证范围之广、参加人员之多、决策程序之慎重严密，在国内工程建设史上是独一无二的，在国外也难见一二…     

河北省科技基础条件平台建设--重点实验室信息网建设

介绍了河北省科技基础条件平台建设内容之一的重点实验室信息建设的构想和设计思路.从建设思路到具体实现方式都进行了较明确的规划和设计,为政府的具体实施作好了充分的技术准备和前期的方案论证,是一个具有指导意义的建设构想.     

为三峡前期工程建设排忧解难 我校科技人员大显身手

我校科技人员以科研为三峡工程服务.目前已获得32项成果,有一批达到国际国内先进水平,为三峡前期工程解决了不少重大题课.三峡电站发电量的波动带来的三峡水库流量变化将影响到中下游河道的水位和水流速度,这种非稳定流所造成的航运安全问题是三峡工程建设中必须解决的重大课题.要对如此大规模的水库水流进行控制调节,这在国际上还没有先例.水电教研室提出了一套新的理论模式和计算方法,从理论上论证了:借助葛洲坝的反调节作用,完全可能实现对非稳定流的控制,保证中下游航运的正常进行,为整个三峡工程的可行性论证提供了理论依据.水电教研室对多束库群的优化运行控制的研究曾获1990年国家科技进步三等奖.这项成果,也将运用到三峡工程中,实现对三峡葛洲坝枢纽的梯级调度,这将使三峡库群系统的发电效益大大提高.     

三峡工程论证回顾

三峡水利枢纽规模宏大,举世瞩目,具有巨大的防洪、发电、航运等综合效益,是开发治理长江的骨干工程.三峡工程从提出到基本完工长达90年.早在1919年,孙中山先生第一次提出修建三峡大坝,装机2 240万kW;1944年9月美国萨凡奇博士规划在长江三峡修建225 m高坝,装机1 522.5万kW.1956、1957年毛泽东、周恩来先后提出修建长江三峡水利枢纽.40年来历经反复规划论证与设计,于1992年4月3日经七届人大五次会议审议通过,三峡工程从此进入实施阶段.三峡工程论证是一个系统工程,其目的是充分论证三峡工程在技术上的可行性与经济、财务上的合理性;其方法是列出论证专题,成立专家组,通过现场勘测、规划,专家与群众相结合分析、论证;最终提出论证结论和可行性研究报告.三峡工程论证是科学化、民主化决策的典范,它凝聚了从孙中山到萨凡奇,从毛泽东到党的几代中央领导集体的远见卓识,凝聚了广大知识分子和劳动人民的心血与智慧.三峡工程的兴建,长江水资源的开发与利用,必将促进长江流域经济、社会、资源与环境相互协调和可持续发展,构建和谐社会,促进中国经济的进一步腾飞.     

高职高专实训基地建设规划方法研究

目前,一谈到高职高专实训基地建设,人们首先想到的就是募集资金和申请场地问题,然后就是参观、调研其它同类院校实训基地建设情况,最后依葫芦画瓢完成自己的建设规划。 资金和场地固然是实训基地建设中的重大问题,调研其他同类院校实训基地建设情况,确实也是应该做的工作。然而,实训基地的实训项目（实训内容）是什么？依据什么、如何确定实训项目？实训项目确定以后,依据什么、如何确定设置哪些实训室？设置数量是多少？     

为色彩教学增光添彩——谈基础教学改革

作为专业设计基础课的色彩究竟要学什么？怎么巧妙地学？如何使色彩课真正成为设计前期的演练,色彩基础与专业设计其之间的关系又是如何？本文对这一问题结合教学实践进行了探讨。     

旧材新用 新材新用——新视角寻找设计中的材料世界

如何让设计作品充分发挥材料的特质？如何才能保证设计作品较好的艺术效果？如何怎么才能让材料更好地为设计服务？如何致力于材料学和设计学的和谐发展？如何才能达到设计的创新点？这就要以新的视角去看材料，以“变”的手段去让原有的材料为设计服务，达到设计的创新突破。如何才能找到新的视角？我认为要从两方面分析：一、旧材新用：要用新的眼光去看待未应用的现有材料，在固有的设计门类中，将未应用过的现有材料代替已应用过的设计材料；二、新材新用：新材料的新设计。     

The demonstration, decision process and practice of Three Gorges Project

The world-famous Three Gorges Project (TGP) is the largest hydropower station in the world and the largest water resources and hydropower project constructed in China.The impoundment of Three Gorges Reservoir reached the design water level of 175 m for the first time on October 26,2010,which indicated that the project had met design requirements of various functionalities of flood control,power generation and navigation.To complete the project it took nearly 100 years for conception,demonstration,design and construction of the TGP.How was the conception of TGP proposed? What kind of role should it be? What were the different opinions? How was the project demonstrated? What was the conclusion of demonstration? Those are the issues that many people care and don’t know about.To memorize the realization of the century dream of Chinese people and to record the history of development of TGP,the author presents a compendious introduction to the project.     

The construction management system and practice of Three Gorges Project

Three Gorges Project (TGP),the largest water resources and hydropower project in the world with huge scale and complex techniques,has great comprehensive benefits mainly in flood control,power generation and navigation improvement.Through 17-year construction and practice,the project has been successfully completed.Some valuable experience from the successful construction of TGP has been gained for the management system and mechanism of hydropower project construction in China.Its construction management mode produces important influences on the management system of domestic capital construction.With combination of the construction management practice of TGP,the characteristics of management system and mechanism are summarized,and the suggestions on current hydropower development system and construction management mode are put forward.     

Selection and Verification of the Structural Pattern of the Penstock and Spiral Case of the TGP Power Station

1Patternselectionandver ificationoftheTGPpen stock　TheYangtzeRiverWaterResourcesCommission (CWRC)submittedASub jectReportonthePatternSelectionofthePenstockinthePowerStationoftheThreeGorgesProjectinDecember,1 993,inwhichthearrangementofthepenstockswasdefinitelystated ,twotypesofstructures (internalhydraulicpressurebornesolelybypenstockandinternalhydraulicpressurejointlybornebysteellinerandreinforcedconcrete)proposed ,acomparisonbetweenthetwooptionscomprehensivelyperformed ,andsuggesti…     

Scientific and technological progress and innovation of Three Gorges Project

In the design,construction and operation periods of the Three Gorges Project (TGP),great challenges have been met in different fields such as water resources and hydropower project construction,electromechanical equipment manufacture and ecological environment protection.In view of the key techniques and difficulties in the construction period,scientific and technological breakthroughs have been made by the experts and scholars of various fields and a series of innovative achievements are gained,which make the scientific and technological levels in relevant fields improved.Some major innovative achievements in the construction and operation of TGP are enumerated,which are significant for the hydropower project construction and clean energy development in the future in China.     

三峡工程科技进步与创新

三峡工程在设计、建设和运行过程中,对我国水利水电工程建设、机电设备制造和生态环境保护等各个领域提出了巨大的挑战。针对三峡工程建设的关键技术和难题,国内各个领域的专家学者,进行联合科研攻关,取得了一系列重大创新成果,提高了我国相关领域的科技水平。简要列举了三峡工程建设和运行过程中形成的主要创新成果,对我国今后重大水利水电工程建设和水电清洁能源开发具有重要意义。     

Some Rock and Soil Mechanical Issues in TGP Construction

1OverviewoftheTGP[1 - 3]　TheThreeGorgesProjectisakeybackboneprojectindevelopmentandharnessingoftheYangtzeriver,withhugecomprehensivebenefitssuchasfloodcontrol,powergenerationandnavigationimprovement.Theprojectconsistsofthedam ,powerplantsandnavigationstructures .Thedamisofaconcretegravitytypewithamax .heightof 181m .Thepowerplantis ,ofadam behindtype ,installedwith 2 6setsofturbinegeneratingunits,70 0MWeach ,182 0 0MWintotal,whichgenerateanelectricityof 84 7TW·hannually .Thenavigation…     

Test Studies on Performances of TGP Total Gradation Concrete

The Three Gorges Project （TGP） is the largest water conservancy and hydropower complex in the world, with a concrete consumption of 28 million m^3 in total. For such a significant world-attracting project, first rate quality concrete is needed. Various mechanical and deformation performances of hydraulic mass concrete are determined conventionally by the wet screening method to make small specimens and the test results of the small standard specimens are taken to represent the properties of the mass concrete. However, the quantity of the coarse aggregate after wet screening would be reduced by 30% or so and the gel materials would increase by 20% or so, thus causing significant differences between the properties of the small concrete specimen and that of the total gradation concrete. To well understand the performances of the total gradation concrete of TGP dam, test studies have been performed on the total gradation concrete, including compressive strength, split tensile strength, elastic modulus, ultimate tension, dry shrinkage, self volume defomation, creep, seepage prevention, and so on, and comparison made with the small standard specimens to find out the relationship between them, which have provided scientific gound for the design, operation and safety verification of the TGP dam.     

Financing & Capital-running of a Large Hydropower Project——10 years’ financing strategy & practices in the Three Gorges Project

1Introduction　Fundshortageisamajorrestraintondevelopingcountriesthatwanttodevel optheirhydropowerresources .Inrecent1 0years ,astheWorldBankandotherinternationalfinancialorganizationshavebeengettingstricterontheenvironmen talandsocialissues ,thehydropowerprojectsinmanydevelopingcountriescouldnotgetfinancialsupportfromthem .Thoseprojectsstarttoseekalter nativewaysoffinancing ,suchasBOTandBOOT .However,thecorrespond ingcostsoffinancearerelativelyhigh .Usuallytherequiredreturnsonventur ousin…     

水电工程投资控制研究

以我国目前在建的世界上最大的水电工程－三峡工程永久船闸的工程变更为案例，从一个侧面反映了水电工程建设过程中工程变更发生的客观必然性，说明了影响工程发生变更的主要因素及工程变更对水电工程投资控制的影响。结合我国已经加入WTO和国际建设工程管理的要求，说明了规范水电工程建设市场的迫切性及与国际工程管理接轨的必要性。