分子筛复合催化剂催化合成乙酸正丁酯

以乙酸与正丁醇为原料,催化合成乙酸正丁酯,催化剂为分子筛复合材料,考察了催化剂用量、原料比以及反应时间和反应温度对乙酸正丁酯产率的影响.结果表明,分子筛复合催化剂的催化活性良好,当催化剂用量为正丁醇质量的9%,醇酸摩尔比为1.25:1,反应温度120℃,反应时间120 min时,乙酸正丁酯的酯化率达到90%以上.     

磷钨酸催化合成乙酸异丁酯

利用固体磷钨酸为催化剂催化合成乙酸异丁酯,具有反应条件温和、反应速度快、产率高的优点。探讨并找出最佳条件,在醇酸摩尔比为1∶1.6,催化剂用量占反应物总量4.0%,反应时间为100min时,得到的乙酸异丁酯产率最高,为89.18%。     

磷钨酸催化合成乙酸异丁酯

利用固体磷钨酸为催化剂催化合成乙酸异丁酯,具有反应条件温和、反应速度快、产率高的优点.探讨并找出最佳条件,在醇酸摩尔比为1∶1.6,催化剂用量占反应物总量4.0%,反应时间为100min时,得到的乙酸异丁酯产率最高,为89.18%.     

微波辐射SnCl4·5H2O催化合成乙酸正丁酯

采用微波辐射技术,以SnCl4@5H2O为催化剂催化合成了乙酸正丁酯.最佳反应条件醇酸配比为l1.2,催化剂用量为1.4 g,微波功率为450 W,微波辐射时间为15 min,产率95%.实验结果表明适当的微波辐射可以加速乙酸正丁酯的合成反应,而且产率高,操作简便,腐蚀性小.     

结晶三氯化铝催化合成乙酸正丁酯的研究

乙酸正丁酯是具有水时香味的无色液体，作为溶剂广泛应用于清漆、塑料、制革等行业，也是化工、制药、香料等行业的重要原料。传统上羧酸酯类的合成都是用浓硫酸作催化剂，但存在诸如设备易腐蚀、副反应多、废酸排放污染环境等弊端。因此人们不断寻求更优良的催化剂来代替硫酸，近年来，已发现氨基磺酸、结晶固体酸、杂多酸、无机盐等均可作为酯化反应的催化剂，但用结晶三氯化铝催化合成乙酸正丁酯尚未见报道。采用结晶三氯化铝催化合成乙酸正丁酯具有用量少、价廉、快速、产率较高、操作安全、污染小等优点。文中讨论了影响结晶三氯化铝催化合成乙酸正丁酯反应的因素，在催化剂用量为3．5g、醇酸摩尔比为1．6时，酯化产率可在86．4％。     

活性炭负载磷钨酸催化合成香料乙酸异丁酯

利用负载磷钨酸为催化剂合成乙酸异丁酯,以异丁醇和冰乙酸为合成原料,反应条件温和,反应速度快,产率高。探讨并找出最佳条件,在醇酸摩尔比为1:1.6,催化剂用量占反应物总量的7.23%,反应时间为100min时,得到的乙酸异丁酯产率最高,为91.28%。     

活性炭负载磷钨酸催化合成香料乙酸异丁酯

利用负载磷钨酸为催化剂合成乙酸异丁酯,以异丁醇和冰乙酸为合成原料,反应条件温和,反应速度快,产率高。探讨并找出最佳条件,在醇酸摩尔比为1：1．6,催化剂用量占反应物总量的7．23％。反应时间为100min时,得到的乙酸异丁酯产率最高,为91．28％。     

Sm_2O_3催化合成乙酸丁酯

研究了氧化钐为催化剂,乙酸和丁醇为合成原料合成乙酸丁酯,并考查了影响反应的因素,结果表明:酸醇物质的摩尔比为2:1,催化剂用量0.3g,反应时间3小时为最适应的反应条件,其产率可达67.0％。     

Sm2O3催化合成乙酸丁酯

研究了氧化钐为催化剂,乙酸和丁醇为合成原料合成乙酸丁酯,并考查了影响反应的因素,结果表明:酸醇物质的摩尔比为2:1,催化剂用量0.3g,反应时间3小时为最适应的反应条件,其产率可达67.0%.     

Sol—Gel固定磷钨酸催化合成乙酸丁酯

制备了正硅酸乙酯凝胶（Sol-Gel)固定磷钨酸催化剂，催化合成乙酸丁酯，实验表明，Sol-Gel与磷钨酸的质量比为15：1时催化性能最高，在催化剂用量为总反应物质量为5％，酸醇比为1．5：1，反应温度为105度，反应时间为3．5h的条件下，酯产率可达87％以上，催化剂易与产物分离，重复使用8次催化效果仍然较好。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.