有机手性分子器件的光电特性

目前多种有机手性分子器件虽已研制成功,但其内在的物理机理仍有许多未解之谜,其中手性分子的圆二色性精细结构、手性诱导的自旋选择效应等是有机手性分子研究的核心。为设计基于手性的新型有机功能器件提供理论指导,考虑有机手性分子螺旋势场诱导的自旋-轨道耦合,围绕分子的光电特性及其调控展开了系列研究。根据光致跃迁理论,得到手性分子的光吸收谱和圆二色谱,发现光吸收峰发生劈裂,圆二色谱由轨道磁矩和自旋磁矩共同贡献。此外,从极化子输运的图像解释了手性诱导自旋选择效应的来源,并利用其电输运特性,设计了手性异质结器件,发现其手性电阻可达7%,整流比达48。     

Structural effects on the magnetic hyperthermia properties of iron oxide nanoparticles

Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles(IONPs) are heavily explored as diagnostic and therapeutic agents due to their low cost, tunable properties, and biocompatibility. In particular, upon excitation with an alternating current(AC) magnetic field, the NPs generate localized heat that can be exploited for therapeutic hyperthermia treatment of diseased cells or pathogenic microbes. In this review, we focus on how structural changes and inter-particle interactions affect the heating efficiency of iron oxide-based magnetic NPs. Moreover, we present an overview of the different approaches to evaluate the heating performance of IONPs and introduce a new theranostic modality based on magnetic imaging guided–hyperthermia.     

Chiral ligand-protected gold nanoclusters: Considering the optical activity from a viewpoint of ligand dissymmetric field

Chirality is a geometric property of a physical, chemical, or biological object, which is not superimposable on its mirror image. Its significant presence has led to a strong demand in the development of chiral drugs, sensors, catalysts, and photofunctional materials. In recent years, chirality of nanoscale organic/inorganic hybrids has received tremendous attention owing to potential applications in chiral nanotechnology. In particular, with the recent progress in the syntheses and characterizations of atomically precise gold nanoclusters protected by achiral thiolates, atomic level origins of their chirality have been unveiled. On the other hand, chirality or optical activity in metal nanoclusters can also be introduced via the surface chiral ligands, which should be universal for the nanosystems. This tutorial review presents some optically-active metal (gold) nanoclusters protected by chiral thiolates or phosphines, and their chiroptical (or circular dichroism; CD) properties are discussed mostly from a viewpoint of the ligand dissymmetric field scheme. The examples are the gold nanoclusters protected by (R)-/(S)-2-phenylpropane-1-thiol, (R)-/(S)-mercaptosuccinic acid, phenylboronate-D/L-fructose complexes, phosphine sulfonate-ephedrinium ion pairs, or glutathione. Some methodologies for versatile asymmetric transformation and chiroptical controls of the nanocluster compounds are also described. In the dissymmetric field model as the origin of optical activity, the chiroptical responses of the gold nanoclusters are strongly associated with coupled oscillator and/or CD stealing mechanisms based on the concept of induced CD (ICD) derived from a perturbation theory, so on this basis, some characteristic features of the observed CD responses of chiral ligand-protected gold nanoclusters are presented in detail. We believe that various kinds of origins of chirality found in ligand-protected gold nanoclusters may provide models for understanding those of many related nanomaterials.     

手性联二萘侧基聚(3,3'-联咔唑对苯二腈)的合成及其聚集诱导发光和圆偏振发光性能研究

以手性联二萘(BINOL)取代的2, 3-二氟对苯二腈和3, 3'-联咔唑为单体,通过碳-氮偶联反应得到一对共轭聚合物(R)-P1和(S)-P1,并且通过1H NMR与13C NMR、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)、热重分析(TGA)、荧光发射光谱(PL)、圆二色谱(CD)和圆偏振发光(CPL)光谱等对聚合物的化学结构、分子量、热稳定性以及光物理性质等进行了表征.结果表明:该聚合物具有明显的聚集诱导发光(AIE)性质;手性联二萘侧基能有效地诱导共轭主链的微环境,使该聚合物具有手性活性,且表现出CPL特性.     

Sporothriolide电子圆二色谱的理论计算及其绝对构型的确定

Sporothriolide(6-己基-3-亚甲基四氢呋喃[3,4-b]呋喃-2,4-酮)最早是从Sporothrix sp.(孢子丝菌)中发现的一种抗真菌化合物。经核磁共振谱图解析,发现它是一个聚酮化合物;其化学结构中含有3个手性碳中心;并具有两种相对构型,即(3a S,6R,6aR)和(3aR,6S,6a S)。为了确定绝对构型,采用含时密度泛函方法,在MPW1LYP/6-31G(d,p)水平上计算了电子圆二色谱。通过与实测谱图的比对,其绝对构型被确定为(3a S,6R,6aR)。五元环的左手构象和右手构象产生了镜像对称的电子圆二色谱,表明五元环的构象翻转对其圆二色谱具有重要影响。此外,溶剂甲醇与sporothriolide之间的分子间氢键导致了低于14.1 nm的Cotton效应偏移,及低于75 cgs的峰强度的增强,说明溶剂化效应对sporothriolide的圆二色谱影响不大。     

Extended surface chirality from supramolecular assemblies of adsorbed chiral molecules

The increasing demand of the chemical and pharmaceutical industries for enantiomerically pure compounds has spurred the development of a range of so-called 'chiral technologies' (ref. 1), which aim to exert the ultimate control over a chemical reaction by directing its enantioselectivity. Heterogeneous enantioselective catalysis is particularly attractive because it allows the production and ready separation of large quantities of chiral product while using only small quantities of catalyst. Heterogeneous enantioselectivity is usually induced by adsorbing chiral molecules onto catalytically active surfaces. A mimic of one such catalyst is formed by adsorbing (R,R)-tartaric acid molecules on Cu(110) surfaces: this generates a variety of surface phases, of which only one is potentially catalytically active, and leaves the question of how adsorbed chiral molecules give rise to enantioselectivity. Here we show that the active phase consists of extended supramolecular assemblies of adsorbed (R,R)-tartaric acid, which destroy existing symmetry elements of the underlying metal and directly bestow chirality to the modified surface. The adsorbed assemblies create chiral 'channels' exposing bare metal atoms, and it is these chiral spaces that we believe to be responsible for imparting enantioselectivity, by forcing the orientation of reactant molecules docking onto catalytically active metal sites. Our findings demonstrate that it is possible to sustain a single chiral domain across an extended surface--provided that reflection domains of opposite handedness are removed by a rigid and chiral local adsorption geometry, and that inequivalent rotation domains are removed by successful matching of the rotational symmetry of the adsorbed molecule with that of the underlying metal surface.     

手性配合物[Mn（csal-R,R-chxn）]Cl的CD光谱和不对称催化作用

以5-氯-水杨醛双缩（1R,2R）-环己二胺（CSA-DMC）为原料制备了手性[Mn（csal-R,R-chxn）]Cl配合物,测定了手性配体CSA-DMC的荧光光谱,研究了手性配合物[Mn（csal-R,R-chxn）]Cl的CD光谱及催化苯乙烯不对称环氧化反应的催化性能.结果表明：手性配体CSA-DMC的荧光发射峰处于517 nm;利用激子裂分方法和d-d跃迁关联法推测了手性席夫碱配合物[Mn（csal-R,R-chxn）]Cl绝对构型为（R）Δλ构型;最适宜反应条件下,催化苯乙烯的不对称环氧化反应的转化率为74.9%,催化剂选择性为67.6%,对映体过量百分率（e.e.）为12.3%     

螺旋手性SWCNT尺寸对布洛芬分子旋光异构限域的影响

用量子力学与分子力学组合的ONIOM方法, 考察布洛芬（Ibu）分子限域在螺旋手性单壁碳纳米管(SWCNT)内的手性转变机理. 结果表明： 螺旋手性单壁碳纳米管的直径越小, 限域在其孔道内的布洛芬分子形变越明显; 布洛芬分子在SWCNT(6,4)和SWCNT(7,4)内的旋光异构只有一个反应通道, 在SWCNT(8,5)内的旋光异构有两个反应通道; 布洛芬分子限域在SWCNT(6,4),SWCNT(7,4)和SWCNT(8,5)内时, 旋光异构反应决速步骤的内禀能垒分别为24795,27383,29224 kJ/mol, 总包能垒分别为27896,29191,32588 kJ/mol. 可见S-Ibu的旋光异构易在较小孔径的螺旋手性SWCNT内实现, SWCNT(6,4)可以作为布洛芬分子旋光异构的纳米反应器.     

Reconfigurable self-assembly through chiral control of interfacial tension

From determining the optical properties of simple molecular crystals to establishing the preferred handedness in highly complex vertebrates, molecular chirality profoundly influences the structural, mechanical and optical properties of both synthetic and biological matter on macroscopic length scales. In soft materials such as amphiphilic lipids and liquid crystals, the competition between local chiral interactions and global constraints imposed by the geometry of the self-assembled structures leads to frustration and the assembly of unique materials. An example of particular interest is smectic liquid crystals, where the two-dimensional layered geometry cannot support twist and chirality is consequently expelled to the edges in a manner analogous to the expulsion of a magnetic field from superconductors. Here we demonstrate a consequence of this geometric frustration that leads to a new design principle for the assembly of chiral molecules. Using a model system of colloidal membranes, we show that molecular chirality can control the interfacial tension, an important property of multi-component mixtures. This suggests an analogy between chiral twist, which is expelled to the edges of two-dimensional membranes, and amphiphilic surfactants, which are expelled to oil-water interfaces. As with surfactants, chiral control of interfacial tension drives the formation of many polymorphic assemblages such as twisted ribbons with linear and circular topologies, starfish membranes, and double and triple helices. Tuning molecular chirality in situ allows dynamical control of line tension, which powers polymorphic transitions between various chiral structures. These findings outline a general strategy for the assembly of reconfigurable chiral materials that can easily be moved, stretched, attached to one another and transformed between multiple conformational states, thus allowing precise assembly and nanosculpting of highly dynamical and designable materials with complex topologies.     

DNA-based self-assembly of chiral plasmonic nanostructures with tailored optical response

Matter structured on a length scale comparable to or smaller than the wavelength of light can exhibit unusual optical properties. Particularly promising components for such materials are metal nanostructures, where structural alterations provide a straightforward means of tailoring their surface plasmon resonances and hence their interaction with light. But the top-down fabrication of plasmonic materials with controlled optical responses in the visible spectral range remains challenging, because lithographic methods are limited in resolution and in their ability to generate genuinely three-dimensional architectures. Molecular self-assembly provides an alternative bottom-up fabrication route not restricted by these limitations, and DNA- and peptide-directed assembly have proved to be viable methods for the controlled arrangement of metal nanoparticles in complex and also chiral geometries. Here we show that DNA origami enables the high-yield production of plasmonic structures that contain nanoparticles arranged in nanometre-scale helices. We find, in agreement with theoretical predictions, that the structures in solution exhibit defined circular dichroism and optical rotatory dispersion effects at visible wavelengths that originate from the collective plasmon-plasmon interactions of the nanoparticles positioned with an accuracy better than two nanometres. Circular dichroism effects in the visible part of the spectrum have been achieved by exploiting the chiral morphology of organic molecules and the plasmonic properties of nanoparticles, or even without precise control over the spatial configuration of the nanoparticles. In contrast, the optical response of our nanoparticle assemblies is rationally designed and tunable in handedness, colour and intensity-in accordance with our theoretical model.     

Chiral inorganic nanostructures for theranostics

Inorganic chiral nanomaterials have attracted wide attention because of their superior physical properties and chiroptical activities. Great progress in chiral nanostructure preparation has been made, such as noble metals and semiconductors. In this review, we introduce several chiral nanomaterials with feasible biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity that are promising candidates for biological applications, and we focus on their preparation in terms of their circular dichroism (CD) effects and circular luminescence properties. Additionally, we summarize the working function of chiral nanostructures toward some common diseases with high prevalence, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), diabetes and even cancers. The introduction of inorganic chirality will provide a novel way to diagnose and treat these diseases.     

水环境下α-丙氨酸分子手性的转变机制

基于密度泛函理论考察水环境下α-丙氨酸分子手性转变机制,通过寻找水环境下α-丙氨酸手性转变过程过渡态及中间体等极值点的结构,绘制水环境下α-丙氨酸分子手性碳上氢原子转移及形成中间体异构过程的反应势能面.结果表明:与孤立条件的手性转变过程相比,以单个和两个水分子为桥梁的氢原子从手性碳向羰基氧转移过程的能垒从325.5kJ/mol分别降为200.6,173.0kJ/mol;氢原子从羰基氧再迁移到手性碳另一侧的能垒从229.2kJ/mol分别降为105.3,73.5kJ/mol.这是由于水分子在α-丙氨酸分子对映体手性转变过程中具有催化作用,即生命体内存在微量右旋丙氨酸的机制是水参与了左旋丙氨酸手性转变过程,降低了反应能垒所致.     

对称性,手性和旋光化合物的合成

本文以对称性的观点阐述对称性、手性和旋光性化合物合成的相关性，文中分成三个部分：手性与对称性；手性分子的形成；旋光性化合物的合成途径。     

Synthesis of the chiral spiro-cyclopropane derivative and its crystal structure

The spiro[ l-bromo-4-/-mentholoxy-5-oxo-6-oxabicyclo[3. 1.0] hexane-2, 3'-(4'-ethoxy-5'-/-men-thyloxybutyrolactone)] 4 was synthesized via the tandem double Michael addition/internal nucleophilic substitution of chiral synthon 1, 5-/-menthyloxy- 3-bromo-2 (5H)-furanone, with nucleophilic ethanol. The two synthetic routes to compound 4 and its analytical data of structure are reported. The absolute configuration of 4 was determined by X-ray crystallography. These results provide a valuable strategy for synthesizing some biologically active molecules.     

Chiral recognition in dimerization of adsorbed cysteine observed by scanning tunnelling microscopy

Stereochemistry plays a central role in controlling molecular recognition and interaction: the chemical and biological properties of molecules depend not only on the nature of their constituent atoms but also on how these atoms are positioned in space. Chiral specificity is consequently fundamental in chemical biology and pharmacology and has accordingly been widely studied. Advances in scanning probe microscopies now make it possible to probe chiral phenomena at surfaces at the molecular level. These methods have been used to determine the chirality of adsorbed molecules, and to provide direct evidence for chiral discrimination in molecular interactions and the spontaneous resolution of adsorbates into extended enantiomerically pure overlayers. Here we report scanning tunnelling microscopy studies of cysteine adsorbed to a (110) gold surface, which show that molecular pairs formed from a racemic mixture of this naturally occurring amino acid are exclusively homochiral, and that their binding to the gold surface is associated with local surface restructuring. Density-functional theory calculations indicate that the chiral specificity of the dimer formation process is driven by the optimization of three bonds on each cysteine molecule. These findings thus provide a clear molecular-level illustration of the well known three-point contact model for chiral recognition in a simple bimolecular system.     

Enantioselective magnetochiral photochemistry

Many chemical and physical systems can occur in two forms distinguished solely by being mirror images of each other. This phenomenon, known as chirality, is important in biochemistry, where reactions involving chiral molecules often require the participation of one specific enantiomer (mirror image) of the two possible ones. In fact, terrestrial life utilizes only the L enantiomers of amino acids, a pattern that is known as the 'homochirality of life' and which has stimulated long-standing efforts to understand its origin. Reactions can proceed enantioselectively if chiral reactants or catalysts are involved, or if some external chiral influence is present. But because chiral reactants and catalysts themselves require an enantioselective production process, efforts to understand the homochirality of life have focused on external chiral influences. One such external influence is circularly polarized light, which can influence the chirality of photochemical reaction products. Because natural optical activity, which occurs exclusively in media lacking mirror symmetry, and magnetic optical activity, which can occur in all media and is induced by longitudinal magnetic fields, both cause polarization rotation of light, the potential for magnetically induced enantioselectivity in chemical reactions has been investigated, but no convincing demonstrations of such an effect have been found. Here we show experimentally that magnetochiral anisotropy--an effect linking chirality and magnetism--can give rise to an enantiomeric excess in a photochemical reaction driven by unpolarized light in a parallel magnetic field, which suggests that this effect may have played a role in the origin of the homochirality of life.     

水与扶手椅型SWCNT复合环境下α-Ala分子的手性转变机理

采用组合量子化学ONIOM方法,基于氨基作为氢迁移桥梁,考察单壁碳纳米管(SWCNT)与水复合环境下α-丙氨酸分子(α-Ala)的手性转变机理.结果表明:基于氨基作为氢迁移桥梁的手性转变反应有a和b两个通道,其中通道a最具优势;水与扶手椅型SWCNT复合环境对氢迁移反应具有较好的催化作用;在SWCNT(8,8)的限域环境下,3个水分子构成的链使主反应通道的决速步骤能垒从裸反应的266.1kJ/mol降至117.8kJ/mol.表明SWCNT(8,8)与水构成的复合环境可作为实现α-Ala手性转变的理想纳米反应器,生命体内α-Ala分子可在类似的纳米环境实现旋光异构.     

单水协同作用下苯丙氨酸分子的手性转变机制

基于密度泛函理论B3LYP/6\|311+G(2df)水平上的计算, 研究单水协同作用下的苯丙氨酸分子手性转变反应过程. 寻找得到反应过程中4个中间体与5个过渡态的各极值点结构, 绘制单水协同作用下完整的苯丙氨酸分子手性转变路径反应势能面, 并分析各极值点的几何与电子结构特性. 结果表明： 单水协同作用下S型苯 丙氨酸分子手性C上的H原子以羧基上的O原子为桥梁, 转移至手性C原子的另一侧, 实现了从S型到R型苯丙氨酸分子的手性转变; 单水协同作用下该路径有4个中间体和5个过渡态, 最大的反应能垒为200.588 2 kJ/mol, 来源于第四个过渡态TS₂-R-Phe&1H₂O-2.     

聚（L—赖氨酸）盐酸与偶氮染料配合物诱导圆二色性的研究

本文探讨了聚(L-赖氨酸)盐酸与一组新型阴离子偶氮染料配合物的诱导圆二色性。从中发现对于同一类偶氮染料由于取代基不同(或分子的极性不同)其诱导旋光活性有较大变化,并利用激子手性方法确定了偶氮染料在配合物中的绝对构型.这对于研究生物高分子的生理作用提供了很有价值的资料。