抗结核分枝杆菌感染的免疫机制

对宿主利用体内各种细胞与结核分支杆菌的相互作用进行了综述.机体抵抗结核分枝杆菌感染的机制包括特异性免疫和非特异性免疫,参与非特异性免疫的主要有巨噬细胞和γδT细胞,另外,树突状细胞在引发T细胞免疫方面起着关键的作用.由于结核分支杆菌是胞内寄生菌,特异性免疫以细胞免疫为主,主要包括CD4+T细胞免疫和CD8+T细胞免疫.     

T细胞对抗原的识别：中国科学家谈科学

T细胞对抗原的识别是抗原特异性免疫反应的基础。它可使机体获得保护性的抗原特异性免疫应答，对揭示免疫应答的规律、阐明免疫相关疾病的发生机制、寻找有效的治疗方法有重要意义。     

“三重奏”阐明Th17细胞发育

对于非专业人士来说,免疫应答系统的详细工作过程都是很复杂的。在免疫系统中,根据功能可以将辅助性 T细胞分为两大类:Th1细胞分泌干扰素-γ,主要作用于宿主细胞内病原体(比如细菌和病毒)感染;而 Th2细胞分泌白细胞介素-4,参与细胞外免疫反应(如抵抗寄生虫)。此外还有一些不同于 Th1和 Th2的调节性 T 细胞群体,它们具有调节和控制免疫应答的作用。T 细胞的失衡     

抗体生产中佐剂的选择和应用

当某些物质与抗原一起注入机体内,能增强机体对抗原的特异性体液和细胞调节的免疫应答,这些物质称为免疫佐剂(Immuno adjuvant),简称佐剂。免疫佐剂能够非特异地提高机体对弱免疫原性的特异抗原的免疫应答或改变免疫反应类型。当佐剂与抗原物质混合注入机体后,可形成抗原储存库     

体液免疫中IL-2/IL-2R整合CD4+T细胞信号形成Tfh

总结了参与Th细胞各种亚型分化的主要信号途径,并对IL-2/IL-2R信号影响Th亚型分化的分子机制进行了深入探讨.IL-2/IL-2R信号可能作为一种调节分子可以整合CD4+T细胞在免疫应答中的多种信号,从而将T细胞打造成一种更为成熟的形式,然后迁移至B淋巴滤泡和生发中心处辅助B细胞产生抗体和形成记忆B细胞.据此,推测这种成熟形式的Th就是Tfh,并提出了Tfh细胞产生及功能发挥的新模型,以正确认识Tfh在体液免疫中的关键作用.     

FOXP3+调节性T细胞与免疫细胞治疗

 CD4⁺CD25⁺FOXP3⁺调节性T细胞（Treg）负责维持机体免疫稳态、调节免疫耐受。Treg细胞通过调控机体对外来或自身抗原的免疫应答水平,在抗自身免疫及抗肿瘤免疫中均发挥重要作用。深入分析了Treg细胞功能的分子机理,通过FOXP3⁺Treg细胞体外扩增或对其进行修饰改造,可以使其在不同组织及炎症微环境下特异性促进对机体的有益作用,减少副作用,这一现象会为免疫细胞治疗提供新思路与新策略。     

汉滩病毒G1重组腺病毒的表达及其免疫学特性研究

将汉滩病毒(HTNV)囊膜糖蛋白G1重组腺病毒(Adeno-G1)感染VeroE6细胞,用IFA法检测其表达产物;并进一步将其免疫Balb/c小鼠。结果可检测到HTNV糖蛋白G1在VeroE6细胞中表达;用该重组腺病毒免疫小鼠,结果表明免疫小鼠体内可诱导产生抗汉滩病毒G1特异性抗体,同时微量细胞培养中和实验结果表明重组腺病毒还可刺激机体产生低水平的中和抗体,但淋巴细胞增殖反应不明显。说明Adeno-G1免疫小鼠后,主要刺激机体产生特异性的抗HTNV体液免疫应答,但刺激机体产生特异性的细胞免疫应答不明显,为HTNV基因工程疫苗的研究提供了实验基础。     

Th17细胞与银屑病的关系的研究进展

Th17细胞是近年来发现的一种不同于Th1、Th2细胞的CD4+效应性T细胞亚群,以分泌IL-17、IL-22等细胞因子为特点,与自身免疫疾病、肿瘤及感染性疾病的发生机制紧密相关。本文就Th17细胞及其相关细胞因子在银屑病的发病机制及治疗中起的作用作一综述,期望可以增加对银屑病发生机制的认识,并为其提供新的治疗策略。     

浅谈细胞因子网络性

细胞因子是在机体炎症和免疫应答中 ,由免疫细胞产生的一类具有调节与效应功能的小分子多肽或蛋白。它作为细胞间的信号在免疫应答中起作用。细胞因子在非特异性免疫中称单核因子 ,在特异性免疫中又可叫淋巴因子。细胞因子根据其功能的不同可分好多种 ,但不同的细胞因子并不是单一存在 ,它们互相之间相辅相成 ,共同作用 ,使机体处于一个相对稳定的状态。本文即从细胞因子的产生、功能、受体类型等方面论述细胞因子的网络性     

滤泡树状突细胞在HIV感染中的作用

滤泡树状突细胞是抗原提呈细胞[1]，它提呈抗原给B细胞和活化的T细胞起动免疫应答。HIV是引起艾滋病的病原体，它可以侵犯T细胞，造成细胞免疫功能极度低下产生艾滋病。滤泡树状突细胞可以提呈HIV-抗HIV复合物给活化的T细胞，使T细胞感染，机体发病。     

Development of Th1-type immune responses requires the type I cytokine receptor TCCR

On antigen challenge, T-helper cells differentiate into two functionally distinct subsets, Th1 and Th2, characterized by the different effector cytokines that they secrete. Th1 cells produce interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and lymphotoxin-beta, which mediate pro-inflammatory functions critical for the development of cell-mediated immune responses, whereas Th2 cells secrete cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 that enhance humoral immunity. This process of T-helper cell differentiation is tightly regulated by cytokines. Here we report a new member of the type I cytokine receptor family, designated T-cell cytokine receptor (TCCR). When challenged in vivo with protein antigen, TCCR-deficient mice had impaired Th1 response as measured by IFN-gamma production. TCCR-deficient mice also had increased susceptibility to infection with an intracellular pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes. In addition, levels of antigen-specific immunoglobulin-gamma2a, which are dependent on Th1 cells, were markedly reduced in these mice. Our results demonstrate the existence of a new cytokine receptor involved in regulating the adaptive immune response and critical to the generation of a Th1 response.     

Transforming growth factor-beta induces development of the T(H)17 lineage

A new lineage of effector CD4+ T cells characterized by production of interleukin (IL)-17, the T-helper-17 (T(H)17) lineage, was recently described based on developmental and functional features distinct from those of classical T(H)1 and T(H)2 lineages. Like T(H)1 and T(H)2, T(H)17 cells almost certainly evolved to provide adaptive immunity tailored to specific classes of pathogens, such as extracellular bacteria. Aberrant T(H)17 responses have been implicated in a growing list of autoimmune disorders. T(H)17 development has been linked to IL-23, an IL-12 cytokine family member that shares with IL-12 a common subunit, IL-12p40 (ref. 8). The IL-23 and IL-12 receptors also share a subunit, IL-12Rbeta1, that pairs with unique, inducible components, IL-23R and IL-12Rbeta2, to confer receptor responsiveness. Here we identify transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) as a cytokine critical for commitment to T(H)17 development. TGF-beta acts to upregulate IL-23R expression, thereby conferring responsiveness to IL-23. Although dispensable for the development of IL-17-producing T cells in vitro and in vivo, IL-23 is required for host protection against a bacterial pathogen, Citrobacter rodentium. The action of TGF-beta on naive T cells is antagonized by interferon-gamma and IL-4, thus providing a mechanism for divergence of the T(H)1, T(H)2 and T(H)17 lineages.     

Induction and effector functions of T(H)17 cells

T helper (T(H)) cells constitute an important arm of the adaptive immune system because they coordinate defence against specific pathogens, and their unique cytokines and effector functions mediate different types of tissue inflammation. The recently discovered T(H)17 cells, the third subset of effector T helper cells, have been the subject of intense research aimed at understanding their role in immunity and disease. Here we review emerging data suggesting that T(H)17 cells have an important role in host defence against specific pathogens and are potent inducers of autoimmunity and tissue inflammation. In addition, the differentiation factors responsible for their generation have revealed an interesting reciprocal relationship with regulatory T (T(reg)) cells, which prevent tissue inflammation and mediate self-tolerance.     

大承气汤对支气管哮喘及肺肠合病Treg/TH17免疫机制的作用

目的 从“肺与大肠相表里”理论出发，以大承气汤通肠利肺作用为切入点，观察支气管哮喘（简称哮喘）及肺肠合病大鼠动物模型及在大承气汤方药干预下，肺与大肠之间共同免疫物质TH17/Treg的变化，探讨“肺与大肠相表里”的免疫机制.方法 建立哮喘组、肺肠合病组、大承气汤组哮喘干预组与肺肠合病干预组动物模型，检测各组大鼠外周血淋巴细胞中Th17/Treg亚群分布表达,及血清中 IL-17，IL-6，IL-2的水平.结果 与正常对照组比较，哮喘组及肺肠合病组大鼠外周血中Th17细胞比例升高，Treg细胞比例降低，血清中IL-6，IL-17水平升高，IL-2水平降低，有差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.005）；肺肠合病组大鼠组更明显（P＜0.005）.在大承气汤干预下，与哮喘组比较，哮喘干预组与肺肠合病干预组Th17细胞比例降低，Treg细胞比例升高，血清IL-6，IL-17水平下降，IL-2水平升高，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.005）.结论 哮喘发病时肠道功能的变化可能导致肺、肠TH17/Treg的免疫失衡，免疫反应向呼吸道粘膜等部位迁移，加重哮喘的发病.大承气汤是可以通过调节肠道TH17/Treg免疫，提高黏膜屏障功能，降低淋巴细胞的“归巢”作用，减轻哮喘发病.     

Role of toll-like receptors in regulatory functions of T and B cells

Pathogens can find their ways to most sites in the host. Pathogen sensors, such as Toll-like receptors （TLRs）, must be equally and broadly distributed on immune cells to combat them through innate and adaptive immunity. Most classes of TLRs are found in innate immune cells to obtain an immediate response against pathogens, but recent studies indicate that a number of TLRs are wildly expressed in T and B cells, suggesting TLRs also directly regulate adaptive immune responses. Due to the rapid increase of new information on the multiple roles of TLRs, in this paper we aim to review several main properties of TLRs and their direct role in T and B cells. This review consists of 6 parts： （i） Characteristics of Toll-like receptors （TLRs） and signaling; （ii） signalling pathways of TLRs; （iii） TLR expressions on human leukocytes; （iv） TLR expressions and functions in the Thl, CD4^＋CD45RO^＋ memory T cells and regulatory/suppressor T as well as B cell populations; （v） therapeutic potential of TLR agonists; （Vi） discussion and perspective. The latest findings and potential therapeutic applications are discussed. There is growing evidence supporting the concept that TLR activation contributes not only to innate immunity but also to adaptive immunity, including direct regulation of both T and B lymphocytes by TLRs.     

Involvement of receptor-interacting protein 2 in innate and adaptive immune responses

Host defences to microorganisms rely on a coordinated interplay between the innate and adaptive responses of immunity. Infection with intracellular bacteria triggers an immediate innate response requiring macrophages, neutrophils and natural killer cells, whereas subsequent activation of an adaptive response through development of T-helper subtype 1 cells (TH1) proceeds during persistent infection. To understand the physiological role of receptor-interacting protein 2 (Rip2), also known as RICK and CARDIAK, we generated mice with a targeted disruption of the gene coding for Rip2. Here we show that Rip2-deficient mice exhibit a profoundly decreased ability to defend against infection by the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. Rip2-deficient macrophages infected with L. monocytogenes or treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have decreased activation of NF-kappaB, whereas dominant negative Rip2 inhibited NF-kappaB activation mediated by Toll-like receptor 4 and Nod1. In vivo, Rip2-deficient mice were resistant to the lethal effects of LPS-induced endotoxic shock. Furthermore, Rip2 deficiency results in impaired interferon-gamma production in both TH1 and natural killer cells, attributed in part to defective interleukin-12-induced Stat4 activation. Our data reflect requirements for Rip2 in multiple pathways regulating immune and inflammatory responses.     

Structural basis for signal transduction by the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domains

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the interleukin-1 receptor superfamily (IL-1Rs) are integral to both innate and adaptive immunity for host defence. These receptors share a conserved cytoplasmic domain, known as the TIR domain. A single-point mutation in the TIR domain of murine TLR4 (Pro712His, the Lps(d) mutation) abolishes the host immune response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and mutation of the equivalent residue in TLR2, Pro681His, disrupts signal transduction in response to stimulation by yeast and gram-positive bacteria. Here we report the crystal structures of the TIR domains of human TLR1 and TLR2 and of the Pro681His mutant of TLR2. The structures have a large conserved surface patch that also contains the site of the Lps(d) mutation. Mutagenesis and functional studies confirm that residues in this surface patch are crucial for receptor signalling. The Lps(d) mutation does not disturb the structure of the TIR domain itself. Instead, structural and functional studies indicate that the conserved surface patch may mediate interactions with the down-stream MyD88 adapter molecule, and that the Lps(d) mutation may abolish receptor signalling by disrupting this recruitment.     

Gene rearrangement in cells with natural killer activity and expression of the beta-chain of the T-cell antigen receptor

The mammalian host defence system can be divided broadly into adaptive and non-adaptive immunity. Adaptive immunity is acquired and is mediated by B and T lymphocytes. Non-adaptive immunity is mediated in part by a small subclass of heterogeneous peripheral blood mononuclear cells. This population, termed null cells, consists of haematopoietic precursors and cells mediating natural killer (NK) activity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). NK cells are a class of non-adherent, non-phagocytic, rapidly cytotoxic lymphocytes which can efficiently lyse a wide variety of tumour cells, virally infected cells and immature cell types of normal origin. Despite the broad range of targets, only a limited number of specificities are thought to be involved in target-cell recognition. Morphologically, NK cells are large granular lymphocytes, but they have been shown to exhibit cell-surface markers characteristic of both T cells and monocytes, raising doubt over their lineage. The recent cloning of the beta-chain of the T-cell antigen receptor has now allowed us to investigate whether some NK cells are T-cell-related. We have examined rearrangement and expression of the beta-chain of the T-cell receptor in cloned murine NK cell lines and fresh murine NK cell populations, and our results support the hypothesis that a subpopulation of NK cells is related to T cells and provide basis for examining whether some NK activity is mediated by a small number of T-cell receptors.     

RICK/Rip2/CARDIAK mediates signalling for receptors of the innate and adaptive immune systems

The immune system consists of two evolutionarily different but closely related responses, innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Each of these responses has characteristic receptors-Toll-like receptors (TLRs) for innate immunity and antigen-specific receptors for adaptive immunity. Here we show that the caspase recruitment domain (CARD)-containing serine/threonine kinase Rip2 (also known as RICK, CARDIAK, CCK and Ripk2) transduces signals from receptors of both immune responses. Rip2 was recruited to TLR2 signalling complexes after ligand stimulation. Moreover, cytokine production in Rip2-deficient cells was reduced on stimulation of TLRs with lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan and double-stranded RNA, but not with bacterial DNA, indicating that Rip2 is downstream of TLR2/3/4 but not TLR9. Rip2-deficient cells were also hyporesponsive to signalling through interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-18 receptors, and deficient for signalling through Nod proteins-molecules also implicated in the innate immune response. Furthermore, Rip2-deficient T cells showed severely reduced NF-kappaB activation, IL-2 production and proliferation on T-cell-receptor (TCR) engagement, and impaired differentiation to T-helper subtype 1 (TH1) cells, indicating that Rip2 is required for optimal TCR signalling and T-cell differentiation. Rip2 is therefore a signal transducer and integrator of signals for both the innate and adaptive immune systems.