冻融循环条件下风化花岗岩物理特性的实验研究

为研究风化岩石在冻融循环作用下物理特性的变化情况,选取风化花岗岩为试样,在冻结温度为-40℃,融解温度为20℃条件下分别进行0,10,20和30次冻融循环实验,并进行单轴抗压强度测试。研究结果表明:风化岩石的质量在冻融后增大,且每组岩样的平均质量变化率随着冻融次数的增加而增大;随着冻融循环次数的增加,风化花岗岩的单轴抗压强度、弹性模量、冻融系数、风化程度系数都逐渐降低;在30次冻融循环作用下,岩样由中等风化岩变为强风化岩。     

冻融循环条件下红砂岩物理力学特性试验研究

对采自陕西的红砂岩进行冻融循环压缩试验,以模拟红砂岩的冻融风化过程。试验共进行40次冻融循环,在冻融0,5,10,20,40次时分别测量岩样的质量、体积及其纵波波速,并对岩样进行单轴抗压试验;分析了岩石强度与应力-应变曲线及损伤扩展力学特性随冻融循环次数的变化规律。研究结果表明,随着冻融循环次数的增加,岩样的质量、密度、波速及冻融系数减小;岩样的弹性模量及强度逐渐减小,应力-应变曲线压缩性增大,弹性增长段减小,塑性增强;冻融与荷载的共同作用使岩石总损伤加剧,并最终导致岩石破坏。最后,利用陕西红砂岩物理力学特性随冻融循环的变化规律,为寒区岩土工程的建设提供相应的参考数据。     

冻融作用下岩石细观结构损伤的低场核磁共振研究

为了研究冻融循环作用下岩石的细观结构损伤特性,以花岗岩为研究对象,进行了90次冻融循环实验,并采用核磁共振技术对冻融岩石进行了检测,得到了花岗岩的细观结构变化特征。结果表明:随着冻融循环次数的增多,花岗岩的孔隙度逐渐增大,在0~30次的冻融阶段,岩样的孔隙度增速缓慢,而在30~70次冻融循环阶段,孔隙度增长幅度明显加快,花岗岩的T2谱分布主要集中在0.1~100 ms;将岩样的T2谱分布转化为岩石孔径分布曲线,统计出了冻融后花岗岩的孔隙分布结果,孔径分布在1~500μm范围内最多,且以小孔孔隙为主,占总孔隙比例最高达78.62%,中孔次之,微孔数量最少。基于核磁共振技术的冻融循环作用岩石细观结构的损伤特性为研究岩石破坏机理提供了可靠的实验数据。     

含预制裂隙花岗岩破坏的细观多相颗粒流模拟

基于断裂力学理论,分析了单轴压缩条件下,裂隙倾角对岩石裂纹起裂的影响.根据花岗岩矿物组分,建立了包含长石、石英和云母三相结构的细观颗粒流模型,模拟不同裂隙倾角下花岗岩的单轴压缩破坏过程,得到了花岗岩裂纹起裂、强度、应力应变、破坏形态等力学特征.研究结果表明:岩石试样优势起裂角为24°～30°,定向裂隙对裂纹起裂具有导向、促进作用;裂隙花岗岩的起裂应力和峰值强度随裂隙倾角的增大均表现为先减小后增大的变化趋势,当裂隙倾角为45°～60°时,岩石试件强度最低;裂隙花岗岩试样的压缩变形主要为裂隙面的变形,预制裂隙与新生裂隙的连接与贯通形成的宏观破裂面导致岩石破坏;花岗岩矿物组分比例对裂隙花岗岩强度有一定影响.     

裂隙砂岩冻融循环变形特征初探

采取汶马高速边坡砂岩预制裂隙后进行冻融循环试验;并进行冻融循环全过程裂隙的应变量监测,得到了在一次冻融过程中裂隙的应变过程经历了6个阶段,发现了岩样在冻融循环中的裂隙扩展由弹性变形转变为塑性变形,最终产生了残余应变。每一次初始的应变值即为上一次的残余应变值,而随着冻融循环次数的增多裂隙越来越大,呈对数增长的趋势。裂隙砂岩在冻融循环过程中,随温度变化,岩石的裂隙会产生新增或原裂隙扩展,宏观上表现为冻融损伤。     

岩石冻融循环及抗拉特性试验研究

通过开放饱水状态下的冻融循环试验研究了红砂岩和页岩2种岩石的冻融损伤劣化及破坏行为,将经历不同冻融次数后的岩样进行抗拉试验,分析了冻融循环作用对岩石损伤及抗拉特性的影响。研究表明:由于岩性及初始损伤状态不同,红砂岩的冻融损伤劣化模式为剥落模式和断裂模式,而页岩为裂纹模式;岩石抗拉压特性的冻融效应具有相同的规律性,2种岩石的劈裂抗拉强度均随冻融循环次数的增大而减小,但其抗拉特性对冻融循环反映更敏感,损伤劣化更显著;红砂岩受冻融循环次数影响引起的损伤较页岩大;寒区岩体工程稳定性评价中必须考虑应力状态对岩石冻融损伤的影响。     

冻融循环条件下英安岩的物理力学特性试验研究

通过模拟高寒地区自然条件,对西藏某电站坝址英安岩进行饱水条件下冻融循环试验、电镜扫描试验和单轴、三轴抗压强度试验。通过对冻融循环条件下英安岩的物理特性(质量变化、声波变化、微观裂隙发展)和力学特性的研究,发现冻融循环作用会导致岩石内部裂隙扩展和颗粒析出,且后者劣化程度明显弱于前者,但最终均趋于稳定;同时,随冻融循环次数的增加,岩石强度参数值逐渐减小、抗冻性减弱,而围压的增加却能够弱化冻融循环对英安岩的损伤。     

脆性砂岩预制裂隙扩展破坏过程试验研究

采用CSS-3940YJ岩石力学试验机,开展单轴压缩条件下岩石预制裂隙扩展破坏过程试验.基于全程变形曲线的试验结果,分析了裂隙倾角对岩石变形、强度、裂隙扩展破坏方式的影响规律.研究结果表明,与完整岩样相比,预制裂隙砂岩变形呈现出局部化渐近破坏特征,其峰值强度、峰值轴向应变均明显降低,且降低幅度随着预制裂隙倾角的增大而减小;岩样宏观破坏模式主要呈现出拉破坏、剪破坏和混合破坏3种,且随着倾角的增加逐渐由剪向拉破坏过渡.值得指出的是:由于在加载过程中预制裂隙两端处于应力集中状态,导致在预制裂隙两端会首先萌生出垂直于裂隙的翼型裂纹,并沿着加载力方向向岩样两端发展,随后在预制裂隙两端会产生反翼型裂纹和次生共面剪切裂纹,裂隙倾角越小产生的次生裂纹数目越多,岩样的贯通破坏模式就会越复杂.     

青藏高原片麻岩宏微观冻融损伤特性试验研究

为研究青藏高原等高寒山区岩体在冻融循环作用下的损伤特性,对西藏林芝地区分布广泛的片麻岩开展了不同循环次数下的冻融试验：通过扫描电镜与核磁共振试验,分析了岩样微观孔隙结构的扩展发育特征;采用单轴压缩试验结合声发射技术,获得了岩样宏观力学特性的劣化规律。结果表明：片麻岩微观结构的冻融损伤主要表现为颗粒剥落与微裂纹扩展两种模式,且同一位置处的损伤程度随冻融循环次数的增加先增强后减弱;片麻岩的孔隙度随冻融循环次数的增加而增大,但不同孔径孔隙的变化规律表现出一定的差异性;冻融损伤片麻岩在单轴压缩试验中的声发射活动均可以分为平静期、增长期与陡增期三个阶段,各阶段的声发射信号密度随冻融循环次数的增加而变大,但累计振铃计数和累计能量随着冻融循环次数的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势;片麻岩试件表面颗粒大面积脱落的阶段与其抗压强度明显降低的阶段相对应。     

基于CT试验的矽卡岩冻融细观损伤扩展机理

利用岩石CT扫描技术对冻融循环作用下的矽卡岩试样进行扫描,得到了不同冻融循环次数下矽卡岩的冻融损伤结构劣化特征.运用数字图像处理技术对矽卡岩的损伤结构劣化特征进行提取,初步分析了冻融循环过程中矽卡岩内部裂隙损伤的演化过程.根据岩石损伤力学,选取以图像像素点数量所表示的损伤变量,建立了矽卡岩损伤变量与冻融循环次数间的关系曲线,以此对矽卡岩的细观损伤扩展机理进行了定量研究.研究结果表明:随着冻融循环次数的增加,矽卡岩损伤变量呈现先降后增的变化规律;受冻融条件影响,矽卡岩细观损伤劣化程度也随之增大.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to