CH3OOH对大气OH自由基浓度水平的影响

甲基过氧化氢(CH₃OOH, MHP)是大气中各种碳氢化合物光化学反应过程生成的一种重要产物, 是大气中HO_x和RO_x等氧化性自由基的汇和储库分子. 为了研究MHP对大气OH自由基浓度水平的影响, 文中利用长光路Fourier变换红外光谱(LP-FTIR)技术, 在（293±2）K温度和1.01×10⁵Pa空气压力条件下, 采用光解O₃和水汽的方法产生OH自由基, 对MHP和OH自由基的气相反应进行了实验室模拟, 结合相对速率法测定了MHP和OH自由基反应的速率常数为k_MHP-OH = (3.99±0.15)×10^-12cm³·molecule^-1·s^-1, 估算出其大气寿命为3.6d; 同时研究了MHP的紫外光解反应, 对反应过程进行了详细的分析, 得到了OH自由基的产率为0.91±0.04. MHP的大气寿命和光解产生OH自由基的产率表明, MHP对于OH自由基在对流层大气中的再分配具有重要的作用.     

Methoprene对SpltNPV增殖及其LC50的影响

 通过对斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒(SpltNPV)在其不同龄期宿主体内增殖情况的研究,探索保幼激素类似物(JHA)methoprene促进SpltNPV在其宿主体内增殖的途径,为今后广泛利用methoprene进行高效率、低成本增殖昆虫杆状病毒杀虫剂提供理论依据和方法.运用正交组合的方法筛选3种主要因子(病毒感染浓度、methoprene用量和methoprene施用时间)对提高病毒增殖产量进行最佳组合实验.实验确立了以1×10⁷PIBs/mL感染6龄刚蜕皮的斜纹夜蛾幼虫,并于感染第1天滴加10μL methoprene的最佳组合方法,病毒总产量和平均病毒产量分别可达1 856.0×10⁸PIBs和62.2×10⁸PIBs.并测定了methoprene处理对SpltNPV病毒LC₅₀的影响.经methoprene处理后,病毒的LC₅₀由1.578×10⁷PIBs/mL增加至9.151×10⁷PIBs/mL.     

Nd1-xZnxFeO3纳米材料的甲烷气体气敏性研究

采用Sol-gel法制备出Nd_1-xZn_xFeO₃（x=0, 0.04, 0.08, 0.2）粉体. XRD图谱表明Nd_1-xZn_xFeO₃粉体为正交钙钛矿结构，产物为纳米级颗粒(16～17.5nm)，平均粒径随x的增大有所减小. 用Nd_1-xZn_xFeO₃纳米粉体制成气敏元件，测试了材料对甲烷气体的气敏特性. 测试结果表明Zn的适量掺入可提高对甲烷的灵敏度. 其中以Nd_0.92Zn_0.08FeO₃对甲烷的灵敏度最大，在最佳工作温度200℃下对4×10^-6mol/L的甲烷气体灵敏度最大值为3.87，对2×10^-5mol/L的甲烷气体中灵敏度最大值为16. Nd_0.92Zn_0.08FeO₃还表现出了极好的响应恢复时间特性，工作温度200℃时对2×10^-5mol/L的甲烷响应、恢复时间分别为25s和45s.     

聚谷氨酸修饰碳糊电极的制备及其对铜离子的测定

 制备了聚谷氨酸修饰碳糊电极,通过循环伏安法和交流阻抗法研究了K₄Fe(CN)₆/K₃Fe(CN)₆在修饰电极上的电化学行为,结果显示碳糊电极修饰聚谷氨酸后,K₄Fe(CN)₆/K₃Fe(CN)₆的氧化还原峰电流变大、交流阻抗变小.采用阳极溶出伏安法将所修饰碳糊电极用于铜离子的检测,在pH=4.50的醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲液中,于-0.20 V 电位下将Cu²⁺还原富集后再进行阳极氧化扫描,在0.14 V处获得一灵敏的铜的溶出峰,峰电流与铜浓度在1.57×10^-8~1.57×10^-5 mol/L的范围内呈良好的线性关系,最低检测限为5.00×10^-9 mol/L.制备的聚谷氨酸修饰碳糊电极成功用于铜离子的测定.     

Performance degradation of GaAs multi quantum well solar cells after proton irradiation

The performance degradation of GaAs multi quantum well solar cells (MQWSCs) has been studied using 2 MeV proton irradiation with fluences from 3×10⁹ to 2×10¹³ p/cm². The results have shown that the spectral response of MQWSCs clearly reduces in the short wavelength side after the proton irradiation，and the experimentally determined absolute ΔV_oc loss was found to be a good match to a model which describes the absolute ΔV_oc. The cells are seen to display good irradiation tolerance for the degradation rate of the Pmax under the irradiation with a high fluence of 3×10¹¹ p/cm² being only 25%.     

中国人为源颗粒物排放模型及2001年排放清单估算

颗粒物是影响我国城市空气质量的主要污染物, 且细颗粒物对区域和全球环境系统具有重要影响.了解颗粒物的源排放量及排放特征, 对开展颗粒物研究具有重要意义.文中按经济部门、燃料类型和技术类型对颗粒物排放源进行分类, 建立了一个基于技术的、自下而上的排放模型, 并利用该模型计算出2001年全国主要人为源共向大气排放TSP （总悬浮颗粒物） 2.651×10⁷t, PM₁₀（可吸入颗粒物） 1.712×10⁷t, PM_2.5（细颗粒物）1.210×10⁷t.水泥生产、生物质燃料和燃煤源是最主要的PM2.5排放源, 分别占PM2.5排放总量的35%，26%和20%.颗粒物排放的地区分布极不平衡, 主要集中在东部地区.排放量最大的5个省份为山东、河北、江苏、河南和广东.进一步将排放分配到0.5°×0.5°的网格, 从而为区域大气污染模拟研究提供基础数据.     

Estimation to the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate and bottom shear stress in the tidal bottom boundary layer of the Yellow Sea

High frequency velocity fluctuations were measured by using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) in the tidal bottom boundary layer (BBL) of the Yellow Sea (YS) for 25 h. The turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate and the bottom shear stress were estimated and analyzed. Results show that: (1) in the tidal BBL of the YS, the variations of the dissipation rate and the bottom shear stress during 25 h are (1.8×10^－8—3.4×10^－5) W?kg^－1 and (6.6×10^－4—7.5×10^－1) N?m^－2 respectively, indicating that there are strong dissipations in the tidal BBL of the YS; (2) in the well-mixed tidal BBL, the turbulence is mainly shear-induced locally and the production and dissipation are generally in equilibrium; (3) for the seas where the semidiurnal tidal current is dominant, both the dissipation rate and the bottom shear stress exhibit a strong quarter-diurnal variation; (4) the mean bottom drag coefficient C_d (0.45) is 0.0017 (corresponding C_d (1.00)=0.0015), but it has significant variations (0.0005—0.0082). The mean bottom roughness length is 2.8×10^－5 m     

高温变形时Al67Mn8Ti25的动态回复和动态再结晶

The deformation microstructure of Ll₂-structure Al₆₇Mn₈Ti₂₅ compound after tension at high temperature was investigated by TEM. The results show that dynamic recovery occurs and there exist a high density of dislocations, dislocation walls and unstable networks within the grains after deformation at 1 173 K and a strain rate of 8.35×10^-5 s^-1. At 1 173 K and a strain rate of 3.34×10^-5s^-1, dynamic recrystallization took place and the deformation microstructures were fine recrystallized grains with stable sub-boundaries in the specimen. Owing to difficulties in the dislocation motion and the process concerned with atom diffusion, the dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization occur only at rather higher temperature and lower strain rates, and only under this condition can the appreciate tensile ductility be obtained for this compound.     

4A和13X分子筛去除水中重金属Cd2+及其吸附性能研究

以4A和13X分子筛为吸附材料,考察废水pH值和Cd²⁺初始浓度等对Cd²⁺去除率的影响,并研究了分子筛对Cd²⁺的吸附性能。结果表明,4A和13X分子筛投加量为0.16g/L、废水pH值为5、Cd²⁺浓度为20mg/L时,Cd²⁺去除率达到95%以上;分子筛对Cd²⁺的去除机理以离子交换吸附为主,交换出来的Na⁺与分子筛吸附的Cd²⁺摩尔浓度比为2;在吸附热力学和动力学方面,4A和13X分子筛均符合Langmuir吸附等温模型和Lagergren二级速率方程,计算的饱和吸附容量Q₀分别为150.15、163.67mg/g,二级反应速率常数K₂分别为2.45×10-3、3.96×10-4 g/(mg·s)。该吸附反应是一种单分子层反应速度较快的化学吸附过程。     

自组装纳米Au电极及其对H2O2催化氧化的研究

 研究了纳米粒子-金溶胶在铂金电极表面的单分子层自组装,并探讨了K₃Fe(CN)₆在金溶胶表面的电化学吸附性质;同时,以金溶胶修饰电极为工作电极,铂金电极为对电极,Ag/AgCl电极为参比电极组成的三电极系统对H₂O₂有良好的催化氧化作用,在1.0×10^-6～1.0×10^-3mol/L的浓度范围内与氧化峰峰电流呈良好的线性关系,为纳米自组装修饰电极在电化学及生物催化反应等方面的应用开辟了新的途径.     

注气驱油技术发展应用及海上油田启示

近年海上低渗油藏、稠油油藏储量占未动地质储量中比例逐年增加,如何有效地动用此类难动储量已成为研究的热点问题。注气驱油技术在国内外已经应用了数十年,而中国海上注气驱油技术尚处于起步阶段。针对这些问题,开展了国内外注气开发理论及应用的综述研究,结合中国海上油田的开发现状和生产难点,分析了海上注气驱油技术发展的7项制约因素,并探讨提出了拟解决措施和方法。研究表明,海上油田注气驱油技术应用潜力较大,关键技术的本土化及多手段联合应用可降低潜在开发风险,提高开发经济效益,对推动海上难动储量的有效动用具有重要意义。     

海上油田高效开发技术探索与实践

在我国渤海湾相继发现40多亿t地质储量的原油,但这些原油多为稠油和重油,难以开发,在陆上油田开发经验不能用于海上,又无国际先例可借鉴的情况下,基于海上稠油开发历程及现状,深入分析了海上稠油油田开发面临的主要问题与挑战,有针对性地集成、创新了适合于海上稠油开采的先进技术,逐步建立完善了海上稠油高效开发思路和技术体系。该技术有效降低了油田开发成本,并成功地开发了被国际石油公司称为“21世纪挑战”的海上最大稠油油田。成功研发了开发海上边际油田的“三一模式”和“蜜蜂模式”,应用于渤海边际油田开发实践,并探索出一套适用于海上油田开发的优快钻完井技术。在此基础上,为了实现渤海油田产量进一步增长和大幅度提高采收率,经过长期技术探索与矿场实践,大胆提出了海上稠油高效开发新模式,即模糊一、二、三次采油界限,通过技术创新和创新技术集成,使油田在投产初期迅速达到高峰产量并高速开采,始终保持旺盛生产能力;采取多枝导流、控制适度出砂、早期注水、注水即注聚、注水注聚相结合等技术;通过以聚合物驱为主的提高采收率技术、多枝导流技术、电潜螺杆泵举升技术和地面除砂工艺等技术体系,在最短的时间内采出更多的原油,达到最大采收率。基于高效开发新模式思想,成功开发了迄今为止世界海上最稠的渤海南堡35-2油田,并已在多个油田进行应用。这一创新的认识与实践,不仅为我国海上油田开发探索出一条新路,也为世界海上油田,特别是稠油油田的开发提供了新思路的思考。     

低渗油藏中高含水期CO2驱替封注参数优化

针对S-95块低渗油藏存在的长期“注水难、采油难”,水驱效果差的现象,评价水驱后转注二氧化碳续驱效果。为寻找适合工区的最佳注气方式,结合室内实验及数值模拟技术,探讨了不同含水及不同续驱手段下的驱替效果,进而结合正交试验设计原理,将采出程度、二氧化碳滞留率、换油率及地层压力作为综合指标,对水气交替驱续驱过程中的注气时间、注气周期、注气速度、气水比及井底流压等5个因素进行了主控评价及优化研究。结果表明,水气交替驱续驱更加适应区块的低渗开发条件,注气速度、注气周期及井底流压是影响续驱进程的主要因素。优化得到的最佳封注参数为注气年限25 a,注气周期4 mon,注气速度1×10⁴ m³/d,气水比1:1,井底流压13 MPa。     

人工气顶稳定气驱条件及其影响因素

为了开发倾斜断块油藏构造高部位的剩余油,提出了人工气顶稳定气驱(artificial gas cap stableflooding, AGCSF)方法。在明晰人工气顶稳定气驱机理的基础上,以注N_2形成人工气顶(artificial gas cap, AGC)为例,运用油气两相渗流理论和Dietz模式几何关系,明确了倾斜油藏人工气顶稳定气驱的条件,建立了保持气驱前缘界面稳定运移的临界速度模型。研究认为,气顶气驱速度小于临界速度是人工气顶稳定气驱的前提条件;重力、浮力、毛细管力、黏滞力和多相流动中所产生的各种附加阻力是人工气顶气驱前缘界面气油界面稳定的主要力学机制;原油相对渗透率、地层原油黏度、地层原油密度、地层次生气顶气(N_2)密度是影响临界速度的主要因素,且原油相对渗透率、地层原油密度越大,地层原油黏度、地层次生气顶气(N_2)密度越小,稳定气驱速度越大,越有利于人工气顶稳定气驱油。实例验证结果表明:新模型考虑的影响因素全面,且更为科学、合理、可靠;Y47X28断块古近系沙河街组二段1砂组油藏人工气顶稳定气驱速度小于其次生气顶气侵临界速度1.07×10~3m~3/d时可以实现稳定气驱。研究成果与认识可为倾斜油藏人工气顶稳定气驱开发关键技术的研发,为倾斜断块油藏阁楼油的高效开发提供理论基础和技术指导。     

封面人物简介—周守为

Zhou Shouwei doctor, senior engineer of professorship, graduated from Southwest Petroleum Institute in 1982. He is now a member of the Party Group and deputy general manager of China National Offshore Oil Corporation(CNOOC), the president of CNOOC Ltd., the chairman of Offshore Oil Engineering CO. LTD., the director of the key laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) of CNOOC, the vice-president of China Petroleum Institute Offshore Oil Branch, the vice-president of China Shipbuilding Engineering Society, the vice-president of China Ocean Institute, the vice-director of World Petroleum Congress of China National Committee, a member of Academic Committee of the State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation (Southwest Petroleum University), the editorial board director of China Offshore Oil and Gas, the deputy director of editorial board of Natural Gas Industry.Zhou Shouwei is China's famous expert of offshore oil development, he contributed a lot to offshore heavy oil field development, high quality and high speed drilling, marginal oil fields and full ocean oilfield development of FPSO (floating production storage offloading units). He proposed the new model and new theory of offshore oilfield development, promoted the progress of offshore heavy oil development, made China reach international advanced level in offshore heavy oil development technology.Zhou Shouwei achieved many significant science and technology progress rewards, including three the first award of national science and technology progress rewards, one special science and technology progress reward, and five the firsts and four the seconds. He achieved six patent technologies (four invention patents), published nineteen monographs and papers.He is the first person who proposed founding the four development systems of oil and gas in Bohai sea and the thought of the rolling exploration and development, and developed four matching technology series. The “Offshore High-yielding Technology with Fewer Wells”, posed him, solved the difficult problem of large marginal oilfield development in Bohai sea, which overcame the world difficulty in long-distance transportation of heavy oil in multi-phase. He advocated and probed out the packaged technology of Optimized and Fast Drilling, which increased the efficiency of drilling by almost 3 times. His new technology of marginal oilfield development has been applied successfully in parts of practice of marginal oilfield development, which made great contribution to establishing the technology system of offshore oilfield development and making the Bohai oilfield the third largest one of China after Daqing and Sengli Oilfields.He is the first one who proposed the new model of high efficient development of offshore oilfield. He was in charge of moderate sanding in drilling fracturing, early water injection, water injection and accumulation, depth profile control, and electric submersible screw pump lifting, which made important breakthrough in offshore application. He headed the national 863 topics “Depth Profile Control Enhanced Oil Recovery”, laying the foundation for the Bohai oilfield’s production to reach 30,000,000 tons a year.China’s first FPSO, designed by Zhou Shouwei, was recognized as one of the ten famous ships in China’s ship making history. His technology of emergency relief single point overcame difficulties in serious ice environment. He posed in the first place that the underwater single point should be used in China’s offshore oilfield, and won the invention patent of underwater installation, which reached international advanced level. He positively gave impetus to the application of “shallow water effect for large floating body” theory, successfully made the 160,000 tons large FPSO used in Bohai area, the lowest sea area in the world. So far, FPSO manufacture has become China’s new high-tech industry, and its manufacturing technology has reached international advanced level.     

低渗透油藏CO2驱超前注气可行性评价

从超前注水的机理入手,结合数值模拟与实际动态,对比了不同注入方式下井间的压力剖面,分析了超前注气对地层压力波及的影响,建立了不同注入方式下受效的评价方法。基于低渗透油藏存在的启动压力梯度、应力敏感、孔喉细小的储层特性,分析不同注气方式对油井、注气井及地层压力的抬升幅度、采出程度以及混相效果等的影响;基于以上特点,超前注气可以有效地解决超前注水效果差或油井开井后暴性水淹等实际现象;并以大庆油田YSL区块为例,进行了不同注气方式下的开发效果分析,评价了超前注气的开发效果,对低渗透油藏开发技术政策的制定具有一定的指导意义。     

海上油田化学驱技术研究与应用进展

 针对海上油田开发的特殊性，总结了海上化学驱技术在多功能高效驱油剂、平台注入设备、采出液处理等关键技术方面取得的最新进展；分析了该技术在国内3个海上油田应用的成功经验与增油效果；以国外实施海上化学驱的油田为实例，总结其在深水聚合物驱与水平井聚合物驱实践方面取得的经验。研究与实践证明海上化学驱技术可行、经济有效，可大幅度提高海上油田采收率。     

注水开发工艺技术应用分析

低渗透油藏开发难度极大,主要表现在自然产能很低,甚至没有自然产能,不采用增产措施,根本无法投产,更谈不上正常开发。合理高效地开发低渗透油藏需要建立有效驱替压力系统,这是提高低渗透油气田开发的关键问题。 面对这一现状,本文首先研究论述了低渗透油藏在学术上的界定范围、分类以及在我国的分布状况,并介绍了低渗透油藏的地质特征、开发特征以及保证油藏有效开发的注水工艺技术;然后根据注水开发中存在的一系列问题提出了低渗透油藏分层注水开发的可行性,并对目前我国正在应用的分层注水工艺技术进行了介绍;最后本文以长庆油田为例对分层注水工艺技术进行分析并评价其应用效果。     

南海东部油田低成本高效助流注水技术创新与实践

南海东部越来越多的海相沉积砂岩油藏地层能量不足需要注水,但平台无注水工程预留,存在建立注水系统投资大、周期长、效益差的问题,如何实现注水开发是亟待解决的技术挑战。以A油田为例,该油田L层为边水驱动的岩性油藏,地层天然能量不足,水平井投产后地层压力下降迅速,迫切需要通过注水补充地层能量。在注水水源评价的基础上,定量表征相控模式下的压力场,制订针对性的抢救式注水方案;研发助流注水工艺管柱及井下数据监测系统,满足了油藏通过井下注水补充地层能量、提高采收率的要求。结果表明:创新研发的助流注水技术实现了平台无注水预留条件下的注水开发,节省了海上平台空间及工程设施成本,实现了变流量注入、定期酸洗、闭式注入环境下的水质监测、注入水量测调、水源层返排清井及产水能力测试等多种功能,具备成本低、实施周期短、注水效果好的巨大优势。油田采用助流注水后,受效井组的单井采油量增加明显,地层能量得到有效补充,取得了很好的开发效果。     

考虑变表皮影响的海上油田吸水能力预测新方法

海上陆相沉积油田普遍采用注水的开发方式,深入研究注水井吸水能力变化规律,掌握注水井真实吸水能力,就能合理调整注采系统,提高注水油田最终采收率。统计发现,海上注水开发油田普遍存在吸水能力下降趋势,这一现象与理论研究不符,故利用理论公式来计算所得结果往往偏大。通过引入t时刻表皮因子S(t),模拟注水过程中流动附加阻力的变化,提出了考虑注水表皮影响的海上油田吸水能力预测新方法。海上油田注水井吸水能力主要受:(1)水驱油过程中流度比增加的正影响;(2)由于水源受限、平台水处理设施局限以及水质处理难度大等原因造成的注水表皮增加的负影响。二者的耦合最终体现为油田最终实际吸水能力的变化。与以往理论公式相比,新方法能够考虑注水过程中表皮增加带来的负影响,得到的吸水能力变化趋势更加符合现场实际,对海上注水开发油田吸水能力预测与评价有重要的指导意义。