木质素改性沥青的温度敏感性分析

为探究短期老化对不同掺量木质素改性沥青的温度敏感性的影响,采用基于针入度试验及动态剪切流变试验的温度敏感性评价方法,对经过短期老化前后不同木质素掺量的沥青试样进行了评价与分析。结果表明:木质素的掺入可有效降低基质沥青温度敏感性;采用复数指数法(CNI)评价木质素改性沥青温度敏感性更具优势,主要是木质素的掺入提高基质沥青的储存模量(G'),增加沥青弹性部分。相比于基质沥青,短期老化对于木质素改性沥青而言,并不是加快老化进程,而是使得木质素与沥青进一步增容的物理变化过程。为木质素改性沥青制备工艺确定与高温温度性评价进一步研究提供了参考。     

荒漠地区橡胶改性沥青老化性能试验分析

沥青老化性能试验是评价沥青路面材料使用寿命的重要方法.通过采用旋转薄膜烘箱实验(RTFOT)后残留针入度、延度试验、动态剪切流变试验(DSR)方法,得到了荒漠地区橡胶改性沥青短期、长期老化规律.结果表明:RTFOT短期老化残留针入度:橡胶改性沥青苯乙烯一丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物(SBS)克拉玛依(克)90号基质沥青;相位角δ:橡胶改性沥青DSR试验SBS改性沥青基质沥青.抗老化性能压力老化实验(PAV):橡胶改性沥青SBS改性沥青克90号基质沥青.研究得出掺入橡胶粉可明显提高沥青的抗变形、抗老化性能,可为废旧橡胶粉掺入路用沥青提供科学的理论支撑与技术指导.     

多聚磷酸及橡胶粉复合改性沥青性能

为研究多聚磷酸(PPA)与橡胶粉复合改性沥青的综合性能,以更好地确定其适用条件。分别采用常规试验及动态剪切流变试验,通过针入度、软化点、延度、针入度比、车辙因子、相位角、复数模量指数等指标,对不同橡胶粉含量及不同PPA掺量的改性沥青进行研究,详细评价PPA及橡胶粉复合改性后的高低温性能、感温性能及短期老化性能。结果表明:复合改性沥青高温性能得到很大提升,软化点提高,抗车辙因子较基质沥青提高了5～20倍;动态剪切流变试验中,在高温高频率条件下,复合改性沥青的储存模量随着频率增加而增大,在中国道路行驶的允许车速范围内,随着车速的增加,改性沥青的弹性性能表现更佳,利于沥青路面的抗车辙作用;掺入PPA及橡胶粉改性对沥青的延度并无改善,且掺量越多,对沥青延度降低幅度越大,低温抗裂性能下降;复合改性后,沥青复数模量指数(GTS)斜率变小,说明感温性能得到提升;对于老化性能来说,掺入PPA能提高沥青老化前后的抗车辙因子,相位角增加的范围也较小,PPA复配橡胶粉改性沥青老化前后高温抗变形能力优于橡胶粉单一改性沥青。综合看来,掺入PPA能有效改善橡胶粉改性沥青的高温性能、感温性能及短期老化性能,其中,掺量(质量分数,下同)1.5%PPA+15%橡胶粉复合改性沥青整体性能相对最佳。     

生物沥青及岩沥青复合改性沥青使用性能

为研究生物沥青及岩沥青复合改性沥青结合料使用性能,在60%范围内对不同掺量(质量)生物沥青及岩沥青复合改性沥青进行针入度、软化点、延度、黏度和RTFO短期老化试验,考察基质沥青在生物沥青和岩沥青复合改性作用下各性能的变化.试验结果与分析表明:在保持生物沥青及岩沥青复合改性沥青结合料与对照组基质沥青结合料的25℃针入度一致时,岩沥青与生物沥青的比值和复合改性剂的掺量变化成正比例关系;复合改性沥青针入度指数PI值增大,温度敏感性得到改善;复合改性沥青的高温性能先略有降低而后一直提升,复合改性剂掺量约为15%时达到对照组基质沥青水平;复合改性沥青RTFO后残留针入度比先略有减小而后一直增大,复合改性剂掺量约为20%时达到对照组基质沥青水平,软化点变化提升明显;然而,沥青的延度随着复合改性剂的掺入而大幅降低,但沥青混合料弯曲试验对低温性能的验证显示,复合改性剂的掺量不超过30%时,复合改性剂的掺入不会降低沥青的低温性能,反而有一定改善.综上所述,在20%～30%掺量范围内,将复合改性剂替代部分石油沥青不会降低沥青的各类性能,甚至均有一定提高,且适应不同性能要求时掺量范围上限或下限可适当放宽.     

SEBS改性沥青的路用性能研究

为了改善沥青混合料的路用性能,选择经在SBS基础上对聚丁二烯加氢得到的SEBS作为新型沥青改性剂,采用高速剪切法制备出不同掺量(0%、4%、5%、6%、7%、8%)SEBS改性沥青。通过针入度、软化点、延度、布氏旋转黏度、短期老化模拟(RTFOT)等试验对其温度敏感性、高温稳定性、低温抗裂性、粘滞性以及抗老化性等对比分析,综合评价其路用性能。试验结果表明,SEBS作为改性剂不仅能显著降低改性沥青的温度敏感性,还能有效提高其高温稳定性、稠度和黏度,并随着改性剂掺量的增加改善效果愈发显著;对改性沥青的低温抗裂性和抗老化性能相较于基质沥青均有显著的改善作用,但当掺量高于5.0%以后开始呈现下降趋势;综合考虑性能和经济效益,推荐SEBS作为沥青改性剂的最优掺量为5.0%。     

氧化石墨烯（GO）对沥青抗老化性能的影响研究

氧化石墨烯(GO)是近年来逐步应用于道路工程的一种新型的无机纳米材料,是有效改善沥青物理性能和抗老化能力的潜在材料.为了探究GO能否提高沥青的抗老化性能,采用GO对70#基质沥青进行改性,探究了不同GO掺量(0%、0.5%、1%、2%、3%)对沥青的改性效果.通过不同掺量对照组的三大指标试验(针入度、软化点和延度)、薄膜烘箱实验(RTFOT)和压力老化容器实验(PAV)评价改性沥青的老化性能,并利用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)测试在不同GO掺量和不同老化时间条件下的羰基指数和亚砜指数.研究结果表明,随着GO掺量不断增加,GO改性沥青的软化点不断增大,针入度逐渐减小,延度明显降低,GO的添加可在一定程度上降低沥青内部组分发生变化的程度;当GO掺量为2%时,可以明显可以改善基质沥青的老化性能;GO掺量2%的改性沥青在RTFOT和PAV老化之间的增长斜率略小于GO掺量1%改性沥青,GO掺量2%的改性沥青与GO掺量3%的改性沥青增长斜率几乎保持一致;GO的掺入可以降低沥青中极性官能团在老化过程中的生成量,可以有效地阻隔沥青中小分子的扩散,延缓老化中发生的化学反应.     

欧洲岩沥青改性沥青结合料使用性能试验研究

为探讨欧洲岩沥青改性沥青结合料使用性能的影响,在25%范围内对不同掺量的岩沥青改性沥青结合料进行实验室试验,并通过试验结果分析了基质沥青和改性沥青结合料的针入度、针入度指数、当量软化点、当量脆点、软化点、延度、黏度、RTFOT老化后的质量损失、残留针入度比和沥青老化指数等技术参数.试验结果与分析表明,随着岩沥青掺量的增加,岩沥青改性沥青结合料的高温性能、感温性能、可使用温度范围和抗老化性能得到明显改善.然而,随着岩沥青掺量的增加,岩沥青改性沥青结合料的低温性能与延度有所下降,有必要通过沥青混合料试验进一步评价岩沥青改性沥青的使用性能,尤其是低温特性.     

SBS改性沥青与石料的剪切性能

针对水煮法评价SBS改性沥青与石料间黏附性的局限性,以沥青与石料的黏结机理分析为基础,设计了基于剪切试验的沥青与石料黏附性评价方法,提出了以剪切强度作为黏附性定量评价指标,通过剪切试验,验证了剪切强度指标的可行性,分析了SBS改性剂类型、掺量和试验温度对SBS改性沥青与石料黏结作用的影响.结果表明:SBS的掺入显著改善了沥青与石料的黏结作用;随SBS掺量的增加,改性沥青与石料的黏结作用有明显的增大,当掺量为4%时,SBS改性沥青与石料的剪切强度较基质沥青提高约100%;同时,也说明剪切强度指标可定量评价沥青与石料的黏结效果,从而为改性沥青的性能评价和质量控制提供参考.     

废机油再生SBS改性沥青性能及再生机理

为研究废机油对老化苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物(styrene-butadiene-styrene, SBS)改性沥青的再生效果及再生机理。采用沥青加速老化试验模拟长期老化过程制备老化SBS改性沥青,分别添加不同含量的废机油制备再生沥青,并结合沥青物理性能、流变性能试验评价再生SBS改性沥青性能。在此基础上,采用红外光谱试验、四组分分析试验、荧光显微分析试验探究废机油再生SBS改性沥青机理。研究结果表明：老化后SBS改性沥青针入度与延度降低,软化点与粘度增加,废机油的掺入将会增加老化SBS改性沥青针入度与延度,降低软化点与粘度,且与废机油掺量呈正比;废机油的使用将会降低再生SBS改性沥青的高温流变性能,提高再生SBS改性沥青的疲劳寿命;废机油能够降低老化SBS改性沥青劲度模量,对蠕变速率指标影响不显著;SBS改性沥青在老化过程中SBS发生破坏,沥青中的羰基与亚砜基含量增加,而废机油的掺入将会降低老化沥青中羰基与亚砜基含量,属于物理再生过程;SBS改性沥青老化后,饱和分、芳香分含量减少,胶质、沥青质含量增加,而废机油掺入后影响则反之;废机油的掺加将会使断裂的SBS分子部分溶胀,恢复沥青性能。     

老化沥青介入下SBS改性沥青特性研究

目的通过分析不同老化沥青掺量(0%、10%、20%、30%)的再生沥青的温度敏感性、高低温性能、蠕变疲劳性能和微观分析等,系统地研究老化沥青介入下SBS改性沥青的特性.方法对不同沥青的动力黏度、黏温指数(VTS)进行测定和分析;采用高温动态剪切流变仪、弯曲梁流变仪、直接拉伸仪对样品试验,利用荧光显微镜分析了沥青样品成分.结果在高低温下,再生沥青的黏度变化不一致;当老化沥青掺量大于30%时,才能改善再生沥青的温度敏感性;随着老化沥青掺量的增加,再生SBS改性沥青具有更好的高温抗车辙性能,临界开裂温度温度则不断升高;老化沥青少量掺加有利于提高再生沥青的疲劳寿命,大量掺加会降低沥青的蠕变疲劳性能.结论随着老化沥青掺量的增加,再生SBS改性沥青具有更好的高温抗车辙性能,但再生沥青的低温开裂性降低,蠕变疲劳性能下降,SBS分布变得不均匀且粒径大小不一.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.