工艺参数对Ni-SiC纳米复合镀层沉积速率的影响

用电沉积的方法在铜表面制备了Ni-SiC纳米复合镀层,研究了不同的工艺参数,包括阴极电流密度、镀液中纳米SiC悬浮量、镀液pH值、镀液温度和搅拌速度对复合镀层的沉积速率的影响。结果表明:在实验电流范围内,镀层的沉积速率随着阴极电流密度的增大呈线性上升的趋势;随着镀液中纳米颗粒悬浮量、镀液pH值及搅拌速度的增大而增大,当达到一定值时,又开始下降;随着镀液温度升高,逐步降低。最佳参数为:不烧焦镀层前提下的最大电流,纳米颗粒体积质量为5 g/L,pH值3.5～4.0,温度30℃,搅拌速度为中高速。     

Fe-P合金化学镀工艺及其耐蚀性研究

研究了化学镀Fe—P舍金中镀液组分和工艺变化对化学沉积速率的影响．为了确定各组分对化学沉积速率的影响程度,根据化学镀的电化学反应机制所得出的反应式,计算了各组分的反应级数．研究发现络舍剂对沉积速率的影响最大,其次是氧化剂和还原剂．通过重量法确定镀层在5％NaCl腐蚀介质中的腐蚀速率,分析施镀工艺及镀液组成对镀层耐蚀性的影响,实验发现镀液中氧化剂、还原剂和温度的变化对镀层耐蚀性的影响都较大．     

Fe2+浓度对20号钢表面电镀Fe-Ni合金镀层的影响

采用电沉积技术在20号钢表面制备了Fe--Ni合金层,考察了镀液中Fe2+浓度对合金镀层沉积速度、镀层成分、相结构、镀层显微硬度和耐蚀性的影响规律,并探讨了耐蚀机理.实验结果表明:电镀Fe--Ni合金可获得纳米晶结构,随镀液中Fe2+浓度增加,镀层中含铁量增大;镀层显微硬度的变化与Fe原子在Ni晶格中有序固溶程度有关;Fe--Ni合金镀层的耐蚀性均优于20号钢,当镀液Fe2+浓度为0.01 mo.lL-1时,获得镀层具有最佳的耐蚀性.随镀层中铁含量增加,具有钝化特性的高含Ni的Fe--Ni相含量减少,耐蚀性下降,但该相纳米结构显著细化,加速钝化可提高耐蚀性,这一对矛盾导致镀层耐蚀性与铁含量间没有明显的变化规律.高孔隙率也是耐蚀性下降的原因之一.     

NiCo/纳米SiO2复合镀层的耐腐蚀及其摩擦学性能研究

采用电沉积法在铜基底上沉积了NiCo/纳米SiO2复合镀层和NiCo合金镀层,用扫描电子显微镜、CHI660A电化学工作站及UMT-2M摩擦磨损测试机考查了镀层的表面形貌、磨损形貌、耐腐蚀性能及摩擦学性能.结果表明,纳米SiO2颗粒的加入抑制了NiCo晶体的增长,使得镀层中NiCo颗粒明显得到细化,镀层更加均匀致密;在相同的腐蚀和摩擦条件下,纳米复合镀层的耐蚀性、耐磨性能明显高于NiCo合金镀层;随着镀液中纳米颗粒悬浮量的增加,复合镀层的摩擦系数先降低后增大,当镀液中SiO2纳米颗粒含量为5 g/L时复合镀层的摩擦系数最小.     

烧结NdFeB磁体表面化学镀Ni-Cu-P合金及防腐性能

在烧结NdFeB磁体表面化学镀Ni-Cu-P以提高其耐腐蚀性能. 研究了络合剂的质量浓度、镀液的pH值、施镀温度及金属离子配比[Cu2 ]/[Ni2 ]对沉积速度和镀层成分的影响. 用扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDAX)观察镀层形貌并分析镀层成分. 测定Ni-Cu-P合金镀层在质量分数3.5% NaCl溶液中的极化曲线,并结合中性盐雾实验表征镀层的耐腐蚀性能. 研究表明:烧结NdFeB永磁体经碱性超声波除油、酸洗活化后进行化学镀Ni-Cu-P,可得到结合力良好的合金镀层;随着镀液中金属离子配比[Cu2 ]/[Ni2 ]的增大,所得镀层从非晶向晶态转变,镀层中的磷含量先升高后降低,镀层表面变得平整、致密;化学镀Ni-Cu-P三元合金的耐腐蚀性能优于相同条件下所得到的Ni-P镀层,且从金属离子配比([Cu2 ]/[Ni2 ])为0.02的镀液中得到的镀层的耐腐蚀性能最强.     

稀土钕对低温镀铁层性能的影响

为了提高低温镀铁的综合性能,向氯化亚铁镀铁液中加入稀土化合物NdCl3,探究不同含量的钕掺杂对镀铁工艺沉积速率、阴极电流效率、镀层显微硬度、结合强度和表面微观形貌等的影响。结果表明,氯化亚铁低温镀液中加入稀土钕,提高了铁的沉积速率和阴极电流效率,增加了镀液的抗氧化能力和镀液稳定性。一定量Nd3+的加入可平整镀层、细化晶粒、提高镀层的显微硬度和耐蚀性。     

电沉积FeCoNiCr高熵合金镀层工艺参数优化

利用正交实验方法研究了电流密度、镀液温度、镀液pH值等工艺参数和硫酸铬含量对镀层沉积速率和Cr含量的影响程度。确定了最佳工艺参数为电流密度25 A/dm~2,温度为20℃,pH值为2.5,硫酸铬浓度200 g/L。利用SEM、EDS和XRD对合金镀层表面形貌、成分和微观结构进行了表征。实验结果表明,FeCoNiCr高熵合金镀层为非晶态结构,且镀层平整、光亮、成分均匀,镀层成分(原子分数)为:Fe 22.53%～26.21%,Co 23.65%～28.56%,Ni 19.53%～26.86%,Cr 23.07%～28.60%。FeCoNiCr高熵合金镀层在3.5%NaCl(质量分数)溶液中,自腐蚀电位和自腐蚀电流密度分别为-0.45 V、1.73×10~(-6) A/cm~2,比真空热压烧结的CoCrFeNi高熵合金涂层的自腐蚀电位(-1.08 V)高、自腐蚀电流密度(9.44×10~(-6)A/cm~2)低,因此电镀方法制备的FeCoNiCr高熵合金镀层耐腐蚀性更优。     

环保型低浓度硫酸盐三价铬电沉积厚铬的研究

通过大量试验研制了一种甲酸盐-羧酸盐作配位剂的低浓度(Cr3+含量仅为15.5g/L)硫酸盐三价铬电沉积厚铬工艺.优化后的工艺光亮电流密度范围在3.5～25A/dm2以上、铬的最高沉积速率达0.26μm/min、覆盖能力60.5%.该镀液稳定性好,且在较长时间内能保持较高的沉积速率,沉积2h镀层厚度达23.6μm.镀层表面瘤状凸起密布、无裂纹、呈非晶态、与基体结合力好、孔隙率为零、耐蚀性良好.     

沉积参数对Ni-Co镀层成分及微观结构影响研究

通过硫酸盐体系脉冲电沉积制备Ni-Co合金镀层,用附有能谱(EDS)的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X-射线衍射仪(XRD)对沉积过程中CoSO4添加浓度、阴极电流密度及脉冲频率的变化对Ni-Co合金镀层成分及微观结构的影响进行了实验研究,并且测量了不同钴含量镀层的硬度值,分析了镀层硬度变化的微观机理.结果表明,CoSO4添加浓度的增加及脉冲频率的增加,会使镀层中钴含量增加;而阴极电流密度的增大,会使镀层中钴含量降低.增大镀液中CoSO4添加浓度、降低阴极电流密度和提高脉冲频率有利于提高镀层的平整度和致密性,但过高的脉冲频率会使镀层表面由最初的球状晶簇群变为分支针状晶簇群;随着镀液中CoSO4添加浓度的增加,镀层微观结构由面心立方(fcc)结构转变为面心立方和密排六方(fcc+hcp)的混合结构;镀层硬度随着镀层钴含量的增加,先增大后减小.     

Al-Mn合金镀层的制备与性能

利用AlCl3＋LiAlH4＋MnCl2有机溶剂体系在低碳钢基体上进行了电镀Al-Mn合金的实验，并对不同电镀工艺下Al-Mn合金镀层的表面形貌、成分、结构、厚度、结合力和耐蚀性等进行了研究．实验结果表明，沉积出的Al-Mn合金镀层表面光滑并呈网状分布；镀层中的Mn含量（原子分数）在3％～8％间变化，其中Mn以Al-Mn过饱和固溶体形式存在，且按（200）面的结构进行生长．随电镀时间和电流密度的增加，Al-Mn合金镀层的厚度呈线性增大，但膜层与基体的结合力逐渐降低．Al-Mn合金镀层的耐蚀性随沉积电流密度的增加而减小，随电镀时间的延长呈先增大后减小的规律．Al-Mn合金镀层的沉积速率、结合力和耐蚀性均高于相同沉积条件下的纯铝镀层。Al-Mn合金镀层在AlCl3＋LiAlH4＋MnCl2有机溶剂体系中的最佳沉积工艺为电流密度0．15～0．50A／dm^2、电镀时间30～45min．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.