汽车自动驾驶关键技术研究进展

人工智能和新一代信息技术的快速发展正推动汽车产品的智能化与网联化,以革命性的变化推动未来人们交通出行的变革.当前,在技术发展和产业探索实践的综合推动下,汽车自动驾驶成为现阶段汽车技术领域研究的重点和热点.基于此,重点围绕环境感知、路径规划与轨迹跟踪等汽车自动驾驶关键技术的发展和研究现状进行梳理和分析,为今后的自动驾驶相关研究提供参考.     

全球自动驾驶发展现状与趋势(上)

2012年5月,美国内华达州机动车辆管理部门(DMV)为谷歌自动驾驶车颁发了首例驾驶许可证。同年9月,加利福尼亚州出台法案宣布从2015年起允许自动驾驶汽车上路行驶。自动驾驶汽车产业化应用的脚步越来越近,这将会对汽车产业与现代交通产生革命性的影响。基于上海市科学学研究所和中科院上海生命科学信息中心的有关研究成果,我们将分两期剖析自动驾驶技术与产业发展态势。本期重点对全球自动驾驶技术与产业发展现状与趋势开展分析。供参考。     

自动驾驶汽车的碰撞安全性研究综述

【目的】探讨自动驾驶汽车的安全性。【方法】首先,通过分析国内外自动驾驶汽车安全研究的现状,并对其进行梳理和总结;然后,归纳自动驾驶无法避免碰撞的原因以及分析错综复杂的车内外环境,对自动驾驶汽车碰撞安全问题的应对策略进行讨论;最后,就自动驾驶汽车碰撞安全技术的提升做出展望。【结果】就目前而言,智能化技术仍然存在许多不成熟的地方,尤其是自动驾驶汽车的安全方面依旧有许多领域需要更多的研究与试验,比如自动驾驶的障碍物识别、路径规划、控制策略以及自动驾驶汽车的内部空间布局等。【结论】自动驾驶技术在汽车上的使用让人们拥有了更安全、更舒适的乘坐体验,研究人员应当牢牢围绕“以人为本”这个理念,关注人的需求,保护人的安全,并围绕该理念设计与发展智能化技术。     

自动驾驶汽车测试技术与应用进展

针对自动驾驶汽车的决策规划、环境感知等测试需求,从测试方法、测试工具以及测试加速三个方面,系统地总结了自动驾驶汽车测试技术与应用现状,深入地分析了自动驾驶汽车测试技术的特点和适用范围.最后,指出了自动驾驶汽车测试技术的未来发展方向.     

自动驾驶来了

<正>"汽车共享是大家公认的未来发展趋势,而自动驾驶作为这一趋势的技术支撑,在未来必然会成为汽车发展的主流。可是,你知道自动驾驶汽车是如何工作的吗?"未来的汽车共享是一大趋势,而在汽车共享的背后,是与大家息息相关的技术——无人驾驶。大部分公司所设计的自动驾驶汽车原理相差不大,以特斯拉汽车为例,他们的自动驾驶系统由传感器,控制器和执行器组成。传感器负责感知周围的环境并把信息传递给控制器,控制器     

全球自动驾驶发展现状与趋势（下）

继上一期对全球自动驾驶技术与产业发展的分析,本期软科学基于中科院上海生命科学信息中心1和上海市科学学研究所2的有关研究成果,重点就各国自动驾驶技术研发布局与产业化发展策略进行梳理,分析我国及上海自动驾驶领域的发展基础与现状,提出布局重点的建议。     

探讨人工智能在汽车自动驾驶系统中的运用

随着现代科技的快速发展,各种新技术也随之发展起来,以人工智能为代表的新技术,在我国汽车领域得到了广泛运用。车辆自动驾驶是以计算机为核心,完成车辆自动驾驶。目前,车辆自动驾驶能够感知部分问题,其他问题还要依赖于人工智能技术。本文从车辆自动驾驶技术现状入手,对人工智能在汽车自动驾驶系统中的应用进行了深入分析。     

自动驾驶汽车用户接受度的中美差异

当前处于半自动驾驶向全自动驾驶过渡的关键时期,为探究中美自动驾驶汽车终端用户的接受度差异,分别针对北京和旧金山湾区各20名特斯拉车主,采用结构式访谈法对车主半自动驾驶汽车的用车情况、对全自动驾驶汽车的认知态度进行实证研究.通过对两地结果进行比较,发现两地特斯拉用户背景、购买动机无明显差异;而购买顾虑、半自动驾驶系统使用频率、全自动驾驶汽车保留手动控制意愿、接受度的重要影响因素、对共享自动驾驶的态度、愿意共享的原因差异明显.中美两地的显著差异说明自动驾驶汽车的发展需要因地制宜,而拓宽研究对象范围、重视终端用户的反馈将为全自动驾驶乃至共享自动驾驶汽车融入城市道路起到促进作用.     

自动驾驶:稳步落地,任重道远

<正>近年来,人工智能已经成为推动社会进步最前沿、最具颠覆性的力量之一。作为未来人工智能的重要分支,汽车无人化和网联化可以提高道路交通的安全性及通行效率,极大地改变我们的出行方式,将成为未来数年最重要的先进技术之一。美国、日本、欧盟和中国分别制定了各自的自动驾驶发展战略。中国计划到2020年,初步建立能够支撑驾驶辅助及低级别自动驾驶的智能网联汽车标准体系。到2025年,系统地形成能够支撑高级别自动驾驶的智能网联汽车标准体系,制定100项以上的智能网联汽车标准。     

刍议自动挡汽车的正确驾驶和节油技术

随着社会的进步,自动化技术的快速发展,自动挡汽车越来越普及,自动挡代替手动挡是汽车发展的主要趋势。在自动挡汽车驾驶的过程中,结合道路情况选择最佳的档位正确驾驶,不仅能够保证行车安全,减少自动变速箱的负担,减轻变速箱的磨损,而且对节省耗油量,延长汽车使用寿命也具有重要的价值。下面我们就关于自动挡汽车的正确驾驶和节油技术进行研究分析,以供参考。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to