一种利用岩石强度刻划试验确定岩石PDC钻头可钻性级值的方法

基于微钻岩石可钻性试验与岩石强度刻划试验破岩机制一致性,通过开展试验获得两种试验岩石破碎比功的转化关系,结合岩石PDC钻头可钻性级值求取方法,建立利用刻划岩石破碎比功求取岩石PDC钻头可钻性级值模型,形成一种通过刻划岩心表面得到岩石PDC钻头可钻性级值剖面的方法。结果表明,该方法不但与微钻可钻性试验结果具有很好的一致性,还充分表征了矿物组分、胶结强度、微观结构等复杂因素变化对岩石PDC钻头可钻性级值的影响,且不破坏岩心的整体结构,提高了岩心的利用率,推广应用价值高。     

砂砾岩地层的岩石力学特性及钻头优化方法

 为了提高珠江口盆地含砾地层的钻井速度,对该油田的矿物组份及岩性进行了分析,开展了含砾地层的强度、可钻性和研磨性室内实验,弄清了该油田砂砾岩地层的岩石力学特性.根据地层的岩石力学特性和邻井钻头的使用效果,从聚晶金刚石复合片(PDC)钻头的复合片、冠部轮廓、布齿方式和水力结构等方面,对PDC钻头进行结构优化.优化后的新型PDC钻头进尺比普通PDC钻头提高131%以上,钻速提高82%以上,钻井成本每米减少28%.本文提出了考虑地层岩石力学特性、钻头使用效果和钻头综合性能相结合的优化方法,该方法简单有效.     

川西须家河组二段岩石可钻性实验分析

川西坳陷须家河组存在可钻性差、机械钻速低等严重制约钻井效率的问题。以川西坳陷须家河组二段地层所采岩样为研究对象,利用自主研发的HTHP岩石可钻性试验仪对模拟井底围压及液柱压力条件下的岩样进行可钻性级值测试,并从岩样的岩石力学性质及微观组构等方面开展研究,以此分析其对岩石可钻性的影响。结果表明:围压及液柱压力的增加导致岩石可钻性级值及抗压强度的增加,抗压强度与可钻性级值成正比。高抗压强度条件下的可钻性级值增长率降低;岩石的研磨性及硬度会影响岩石的可钻性。岩石中石英含量越高、黏土矿物含量越少,岩石研磨性及硬度越高,岩石可钻性级值越大。     

用超硬材料测定岩石研磨性

用模拟试验方法测定聚晶金刚石钻头的耐磨损性,推导出岩石研磨性指标计算公式.这种方法的测试结果能直接反映工况条件下的岩石性质.所得岩石研磨性指标是岩石研磨性质、钻头材料性质和工况的综合反映,可以直接用于预测PDC钻头的使用寿命和用于油矿的PDC钻头选型工作.     

井底压力条件下岩石可钻性实验及仿真研究

岩石的可钻性是正确评价是确定钻井参数、选择钻头类型、预测钻井效果以及规定钻进工作定额时所必需的;而以往岩石可钻性极值的确定都是在常压下进行的。常压下岩石的可钻性极值与井底压力条件下岩石可钻性极值相差较大,远不能满足工程需要。为此,提出了一种室内测定井底压力条件下岩石岩石可钻性极值的实验方法;并通过HyperMesh有限元处理器仿真得到井底压力条件下岩石的可钻性极值的仿真值。通过对实验数值和仿真数值的对比,二者误差都在10%以内。所以该实验方法能够较准确的得到井底压力条件下岩石的可钻性极值。从而更能够准确的选择钻头类型,优化钻进参数,指导工程实践。     

南海深部温压地层岩石可钻性评价及应用

南海珠江口盆地深部地层具有高应力也伴随有高温的特点,应用常温常压下的可钻性计算评价方法不能真实、准确反映该地区地层岩石可钻性特征。本文对取自南海珠江组地层的岩石样品开展了高温高压条件下的可钻性测试,对比分析了温压单因素及耦合作用下的差异性,建立了考虑温度和围压的可钻性级值计算模型,并通过ABAQUS软件建模,对温压条件下聚晶金刚石复合片钻头切削齿后倾角进行了优化分析。结果表明：温度在20℃~180℃时对岩石可钻性级值影响不大,高于180℃时,可钻性级值随温度增加有减小的趋势;围压条件下可钻性级值与常压下的级值存在差异,且高1~2级;温压下调整PDC钻头的后倾角到25°时钻头的破岩效率最高,应用井与已钻井相比机械钻速分别提高了31.71%、41.95%。本文所做的研究对于进一步认识高温高围压地层机械钻速低的原因、优化钻头切削齿参数、减少钻井周期,指导高温高围压地层钻井作业具有重要意义。     

PDC钻头钻进的岩石可钻性研究

用微型PDC试验钻头模拟全尺寸PDC钻头的切削破岩方式在岩样上钻孔,测定了石油钻井所遇地层岩心的微PDC钻头可钻性指数(PDT).研究了微PDC钻头可钻性指数和微牙轮钻头可钻性指数(UDT)的关系.研究表明,基于牙轮钻头钻进特点的油矿地层可钻性分级.同样适用于PDC钻头钻井.在岩石可钻性方面.PDC钻头对地层的适应性较差.PDC钻头钻进时,存在着极限等级值和有效等级值.当地层等级值大于极限等级值时。其破岩效果差,当等于或小于有效等级值时,效果最好.     

针对金刚石钻头的岩石研磨性测定方法

针对石油钻井地层岩石研磨性试验评价问题,根据金刚石钻头的磨损机制,改装试验装置,研制标准磨损件,优选试验规程,提出以标准磨损件研磨破碎单位体积岩石的磨损体积作为岩石研磨性指标,建立一套岩石研磨性测定方法。试验测定石油钻井地层代表性岩石的研磨性指标。通过研磨性试验,优选出标准磨损件的金刚石体积分数为25%,粒度为0.3 mm,胎体配方为酚醛树脂55%、Cu 25%、Cr2O38%、Zn O 6%、Si C 5%、空隙1%(体积分数)。优选出的试验钻压为500 N,转速为198 r/min,排量为0.2 L/s。试验中代表性岩石的研磨性指标数值为0.80~45.78,取以2为底的对数值作为研磨性级值,将中国石油钻井地层岩石的研磨性分为6级。     

胎体耐损性弱化孕镶金刚石钻头的试验及碎岩机理分析

为了提高孕镶金刚石钻头在坚硬致密弱研磨性地层的钻进效率,将胎体耐磨损性弱化理论引入钻头设计中,对胎体耐磨损性弱化孕镶金刚石钻头碎岩机理进行探讨并对胎体进行扫描电镜分析。研究结果表明:与普通孕镶金刚石钻头相比,胎体耐磨损性弱化孕镶金刚石钻头的机械钻速提高了64%;经弱化处理的钻头在钻进过程中,弱化颗粒易于从胎体表面脱落,使其表面形成非光滑形态,减少了钻头唇面与孔底岩石面之间的接触面积,提高了钻头唇面与岩石的单位面积压力,改善了金刚石颗粒的冷却效果,降低了金刚石颗粒的热损耗;脱落的弱化颗粒在孔底参与磨损钻头胎体,增加了孔底岩粉的研磨能力,促进了胎体中新颗粒金刚石的出刃。     

川西双鱼石构造须家河组岩石抗钻特性研究

川西北部双鱼石构造栖霞组是四川盆地天然气增产上储的重要层系,但该区块以须家河组为代表的难钻地层面临钻头破岩难、磨损快,机械钻速低,单只钻头进尺短的瓶颈问题,严重制约了栖霞组气藏钻井提速和整体勘探开发进程。选取区块须家河组下部(须二、须一段)露头岩样和出井岩屑,开展了岩石可钻性、研磨性和抗钻机理分析实验。结果显示：测试岩样的可钻性级值平均为8.45,须一段岩样均为最高的10级,标准杆件平均研磨量为16.26mg,整体表现出极强的抗钻性。分析认为：须家河组下部地层孔隙度渗透率极低,石英含量高,胶结强度高,岩石抗压强度和硬度高,不利于钻头冲击/切削破岩和水力辅助破岩,是导致机械钻速极低的主要原因;宏观上的高强度高硬度以及钻屑颗粒在细观与微观尺度上的强研磨性,是导致钻头牙齿冲击破坏和研磨失效的关键因素,也是后续钻头研发和选型的重点攻关方向。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.