表征还是建构? 量子场论的一种解释

在本文中,我坚持认为,量子场论所描述的具有因果关系的实体层次中那些基本的实体不是粒子而是场。然后,我从结构实在论的角度进一步讨论了在何种意义上并在何种程度上,有关场的这种理论建构可以被看作物理实在的客观表征。     

Quantum Theory and the Nature of Consciousness

Our interest focusses on the idea, that consciousness is a powerful acting entity. Up to now there does not exist a scientific concept for this idea. This is not due to problems within the field of psychology or brain research, but rather in resisting theories of modern physics. That is, why we have to search for a solution in the field of physics. A solution can be found in a new understanding of the basics of physical theory. That could be given by abstract and absolute quantum bits of information (AQI bits). To avoid the popular misunderstanding of “information” as “meaningful” it was necessary to find a new word for the free-of-meaning AQI bits: the AQI bits establish a quantum pre-structure termed “Protyposis” (Greek: “pre-formation”), out of which real objects can be formed, starting from energetical and material elementary particles. The Protyposis AQI bits provide a pre-structure for all entities in natural sciences. They are the basic entities, whereof the physical nature of the brain, on the one hand, and the mental nature of consciousness, on the other hand, were formed during the cosmological and the following biological evolution. A deeper understanding of quantum structures may help to overcome the resistance against quantum theory in the field of brain research and consciousness. The key for an understanding is the concept of Protyposis, which means an abstract quantum information free of any definite meaning. With the AQI bits of the Protyposis, both, massless and massive quantum particles can be constructed. Even quantum information with special meanings, in example grammatically formulated thoughts, eventually could be explained. As long as the fundamental basis of quantum theory is misunderstood as being formed by a manifold of some small objects like atoms, quarks, or strings, the problem of understanding consciousness has no solution. If instead we understand quantum theory as based on truly simple quantum structures, there would be no longer fundamental problems for an understanding of consciousness.     

颜色理论之争的背后--从"原型"视角看歌德的自然哲学

歌德的颜色学实际上是关于颜色的"形态学",它与亚里士多德以降的传统颜色理论是高度一致的.作为歌德自然哲学的核心概念,"原型"成为指导其科学研究的重要原则,并且是颜色理论之争的关键所在.而争论的背后,实质上是两种自然观的深刻分歧.     

测量问题的新单子论方案与退相干解释

退相干解释的"稳定性判据"被认为是解决测量问题的关键一环。作为该解释的最新发展,量子达尔文主义试图对稳定性判据做出解释。该主义虽然部分地被最新物理实验证据所支持,但仍无法彻底解决测量问题。2016年,测量问题的"新单子论"方案被提出,利用"知觉-能量原理"和"意志-能量原理"解决了测量问题中的明确结果问题和优先基矢问题。本文从新单子论的"知觉-能量原理"出发,在不涉及任何退相干过程的情况下,重新导出了稳定性判据所筛选的优先基矢。这一方面说明新单子论在本质上与量子力学、退相干解释相符相容,另一方面说明新单子论揭示了退相干解释背后更深层的物理学哲学本质。     

量子纠缠及其哲学意义

20世纪90年代以来,兴起了量子信息论,量子纠缠从理论走向实践.量子纠缠是量子信息与量子隐形传态的关键.量子纠缠是一个特殊的超空间、非定域的量子关联.它涉及非定域性、内部时空、个体性、纠缠资源、相互作用、对称性、同一性等一系列重大的哲学问题,拓展出新的哲学意义.     

反思的现代性与技术理性的解构--海德格尔和福柯论现代技术问题

海德格尔和福柯对于现代技术问题的思考属于某种反思的现代性立场：无论前者对机械技术的本质的追问，还是后者对自我技术的谱系学分析，都没有简单地否定现代技术，而是揭示了现代技术的解蔽和遮蔽双重性。这样的立场告诉我们：面对现代技术的极度张扬，哲学应该坚持一种保守主义姿态，应该在更新的意义上恢复经验的地位。     

Schwinger and the Ontology of Quantum Field Theory

An epistemological interpretation of quantum mechanics hinges on the claim that the distinctive features of quantum mechanics can be derived from some distinctive features of an observational basis. Old and new variations of this theme are listed. The program has a limited success in non-relativistic quantum mechanics. The crucial issue is how far it can be extended to quantum field theory without introducing significant ontological postulates. A C*-formulation covers algebraic quantum field theory, but not the standard model. Julian Schwinger’s anabatic methodology extended a strict measurement-based formulation of quantum mechanics through field theory. His extension also excluded the quark hypothesis and the standard model. Quarks and local gauge invariance are postulates that go beyond the limits of an epistemological interpretation of quantum mechanics. The ontological significance ascribed to these advances depends on the role accorded ontology.

敬意的自然观:怀特海和孔子的进路

敬意的自然观在把自然当作人类主体的认识和改造对象时,更强调人对自然的审美关系、伦理价值关系以及敬畏关系,自然与人有着主体性的精神交流。本文认为"敬意的自然观"应该包含两个方面:第一,人对自然的敬意关系。第二,人对自身的敬意关系。两种敬意关系相互关联、不可分割。人正是在自身的全面发展中展开与自然的包括敬意在内的全面关系;同时,在展开与自然的全面关系中,人自身得到了包括敬意在内的全面发展。这种进路叫做"非去人化的敬意的自然观"。在此,怀特海的创生的经验学说与孔子的创生的成人学说提供了巨大的智慧资源。他们的有关学说引导出了本文的主题:参天地,做全人:做全人;参天地。     

质疑方法--对科学方法论的文化审视

新兴自然科学学说与后哲学文化的兴起，为我们提供了审视科学方法论原则的新的视角。使人们的科学方法论意识由“反对方法”转向“质疑方法”。梳理当代科学方法论演进的内在线索，揭示探究质疑方法的理论视域，阐发质疑方法的理论特征，将有助于透视科学方法论的当代形象。     

Relativity Theory Refounded

We put forward a new view of relativity theory that makes the existence of a flow of time compatible with the four-dimensional block universe. To this end, we apply the creation-discovery view elaborated for quantum mechanics to relativity theory and in such a way that time and space become creations instead of discoveries and an underlying non temporal and non spatial reality comes into existence. We study the nature of this underlying non temporal and non spatial reality and reinterpret many aspects of the theory within this new view. We show that data of relativistic measurements are sufficient to derive the three-dimensionality of physical space. The nature of light and massive entities is reconsidered, and an analogy with human cognition is worked out.     

转基因:人类能否扮演上帝?

具有诱人的发展前景的转基因技术，它对人类健康和生存环境的风险是未知的。那么，人类是否可以扮演“上帝”——干预自然的遗传构成?关于这一合法性问题的争论根植于文化的冲突和社会利益的多元分歧之中。     

量子逻辑解释优于哥本哈根解释吗——围绕投影法则的争论

弗里德曼和普特南认为,哥本哈根解释只能特设性地引入投影法则来符合实验事实,然而由量子逻辑则可以推导出投影法则,因此量子逻辑解释比哥本哈根解释更加优越。这一论断提出后不久就遭到了许多学者的反驳。海尔曼认为由量子逻辑推导投影法则的过程也是特设性的,巴布则认为由哥本哈根解释也可以推导出投影法则。随后,斯戴尔斯提出了由哥本哈根解释推导出投影法则的更加令人信服的论证。在这个意义上,三人的论证都反对弗里德曼和普特南的观点,而支持量子逻辑解释与哥本哈根解释处于同等地位的结论。尽管如此,斯戴尔斯仍试图从解释力的角度来论证量子逻辑的优越性。然而,对更广泛意义上的理论解释力问题的分析将有助于揭露这种优越性论证的缺陷,使我们重新考虑多种量子力学解释的平等地位。     

萨顿新人文主义科学教育观

萨顿认为,科学史的研究和学习,有助于公民科学素养的养成.可以帮助人们建构新人文主义,使科学得以理性的发展;可以培养人们对科学的信仰和科学批判精神;会告诉我们对成长中的青年应当宽容;有助于对科学知识的理解.     

Applications of quantum statistics in psychological studies of decision processes

We present a new approach to the old problem of how to incorporate the role of the observer in statistics. We show classical probability theory to be inadequate for this task and take refuge in the epsilon-model, which is the only model known to us caapble of handling situations between quantum and classical statistics. An example is worked out and some problems are discussed as to the new viewpoint that emanates from our approach.Supported by the I UAP-III no. 9.     

A Century of Quantum Theory: Time for a Change in Thinking

The aim of science is the explanation of complicated systems by reducing it to simple subsystems. According to a millennia-old imagination this will be attained by dividing matter into smaller and smaller pieces of it. The popular superstition that smallness implies simplicity seems to be ineradicable. However, since the beginning of quantum theory it would be possible to realize that the circumstances in nature are exactly the other way round. The idea “smaller becomes simpler” is useful only down to the atoms of chemistry. Planck’s formula shows that smaller extensions are related to larger energies. That more and more energy should result in simpler and simpler structures, this does not only sound absurd, it is absurd. A reduction to really simple structures leads one to smallest energies and, thus, to utmost extended quantum systems. The simplest quantum structure, referred to as quantum bit, has a two-dimensional state space, and it establishes a cosmological structure. Taking many of such quantum bits allows also for the construction of localized particles. The non-localized fraction of quantum bits can appear as “dark matter”.     

《抱朴子》的科学思想管窥

晋代著名科学家葛洪在<抱朴子>一书中提出了值得重视的科学思想,"至明极聪"而不可"毕见尽闻"的科学认知论揭示了世界的无限性以及感官认识的有限性,为科学探索活动提供了不竭的精神动力;"形神相卫"的心身关系论揭示了精神与躯体、养神与养身相互依存的密切关系;"人所好恶,各各不同"的人格差异论为人们科学地识别和使用人才提供了诸多启示.     

Quantum Particles as Conceptual Entities: A Possible Explanatory Framework for Quantum Theory

We put forward a possible new interpretation and explanatory framework for quantum theory. The basic hypothesis underlying this new framework is that quantum particles are conceptual entities. More concretely, we propose that quantum particles interact with ordinary matter, nuclei, atoms, molecules, macroscopic material entities, measuring apparatuses,  in a similar way to how human concepts interact with memory structures, human minds or artificial memories. We analyze the most characteristic aspects of quantum theory, i.e. entanglement and non-locality, interference and superposition, identity and individuality in the light of this new interpretation, and we put forward a specific explanation and understanding of these aspects. The basic hypothesis of our framework gives rise in a natural way to a Heisenberg uncertainty principle which introduces an understanding of the general situation of ‘the one and the many’ in quantum physics. A specific view on macro and micro different from the common one follows from the basic hypothesis and leads to an analysis of Schrödinger’s Cat paradox and the measurement problem different from the existing ones. We reflect about the influence of this new quantum interpretation and explanatory framework on the global nature and evolutionary aspects of the world and human worldviews, and point out potential explanations for specific situations, such as the generation problem in particle physics, the confinement of quarks and the existence of dark matter.     

Logical Aspects of Quantum (Non-)Individuality

In this paper I consider some logical and mathematical aspects of the discussion of the identity and individuality of quantum entities. I shall point out that for some aspects of the discussion, the logical basis cannot be put aside; on the contrary, it leads us to unavoidable conclusions which may have consequences in how we articulate certain concepts related to quantum theory. Behind the discussion, there is a general argument which suggests the possibility of a metaphysics of non-individuals, based on a reasonable interpretation of quantum basic entities. I close the paper with a suggestion that consists in emphasizing that quanta should be referred to by the cardinalities of the collections to which they belong, for which an adequate mathematical framework seems to be possible.     

以人为本与保持生命多样化的精髓

当代环境危机使人类重新审视人类在自然界中的位置,从消极被动地适应自然到盲目乐观地征服自然,再到今天积极地协调人与自然的关系,表明人文视野的拓展影响着人与自然关系的重新定位.事实上,走出环境危机离不开人,以人类认识世界并掌握世界规律的文明为依据,保持生命多样化,是人类文化的必然归宿.     

Modelling Experiments as Mediating Models

Syntactic and structural models specify relationships between their constituents but cannot show what outcomes their interaction would produce over time in the world. Simulation consists in iterating the states of a model, so as to produce behaviour over a period of simulated time. Iteration enables us to trace the implications and outcomes of inference rules and other assumptions implemented in the models that make up a theory. We apply this method to experiments which we treat as models of the particular aspects of reality they are designed to investigate. Scientific experiments are constantly designed and re-designed in the context of implementation and use. They mediate between theoretical understanding and the practicalities of engaging with the empirical and social world. In order to model experiments we need to identify and represent features that all experiments have in common. We treat these features as parameters of a general model of experiment so that by varying these parameters different types of experiment can be modelled.