粘弹性聚合物驱油的数学模型

为了研究粘弹性聚合物驱油规律,建立了粘弹性聚合物驱油数学模型。从弹性效应和粘性效应两个方面描述聚合物驱油机理。聚合物弹性能够降低残余油饱和度,聚合物粘性改善油水流度比,扩大波及体积。该模型能够模拟聚合物驱油具有的提高微观驱油效率和流度控制驱油机理以及所发生的对流、弥散、扩散、吸附等一系列物化现象。利用该模型拟合了实验室聚合物岩心驱油过程。数值模拟结果与实际岩心驱油过程基本一致,表明该模型可以进行聚合物驱油的机理研究、实际应用可行性研究、矿场方案优选和开发效果预测。     

多元泡沫化学剂复合驱油渗流数学模型

在多元泡沫复合驱油实验研究的基础上,通过对渗流机理、渗流规律的分析,根据质量传输流体力学、化学动力学、物质平衡原理和对泡沫上浮运动等机理的深入研究,建立了多元泡沫化学剂复合驱油渗流数学模型.结合对泡沫流动机理和物理化学性质的实验研究,给出了相应的数学描述模型方程.数值模拟结果表明,该模型能较好地反映了渗流物理实质.     

高温氮气泡沫驱油数学模型研究

在对高温氮气泡沫驱油作用机理进行研究的基础上,建立了高温氮气泡沫驱油数学模型.该模型考虑了低界面张力体系驱油机理、泡沫封堵机理等.其中泡沫剂的运移方程充分考虑了对流、弥散及表面活性剂损失等机理.对该模型进行了自适应隐式方法数值求解.通过对实际的高温泡沫生产井进行历史拟合,可以看出,高温氮气泡沫驱油数学模型正确反映了热力采油和泡沫驱油的作用机理,具有较高的可靠性.     

乙醇胺提高延长稠油油藏聚/表二元驱采收率研究

针对延长稠油油藏的水驱后含水率上升的问题,通过室内实验方法,在原有聚表二元驱的基础上,研究一种适用于延长油田的有机碱,优选三元复合体系的配方;并通过物理流动驱油实验对三种化学驱油体系的驱油性能进行了分析和评价。结果表明:油藏的原油酸值为1.95 mg/g,适合进行三元复合驱的研究;筛选出的有机碱是乙醇胺,其能有效减低油水界面张力并对复合体系的黏度几乎没有影响,试验优化的三元复合体系的配方是:1 500 mg/L聚合物2 000 mg/L表面活性剂+3 500 mg/L乙醇胺。驱油实验表明:在均质岩心和三层非均质岩心模型中,与聚合物驱和聚表二元驱相比,三元复合驱都能提高原油的采收率,其中模拟油藏条件的三层非均质岩心条件下,采收率增值达13.38%,达到了控水增油的目的。     

泡沫封堵能力试验研究

借助岩心驱替流程试验,研究了含油模型水驱之后注泡沫、复合泡沫及聚合物驱后注单一泡沫、复合泡沫的泡沫体系封堵能力,结果表明,单一泡沫驱在水驱残余油条件下,难以形成有效的封堵,而复合泡沫体系在各种残余油条件下均能形成有效的封堵调剖能力,证明复合泡沫体系是一种性能良好的调剖驱油剂。     

高含水期油藏三次采油物理模拟评价

针对高含水期油藏三次采油评价困难的问题,在室内岩心驱替实验物理模拟高含水期油藏后期聚驱和复合驱驱油过程基础上,对聚合物驱不同段塞大小、不同段塞浓度的聚驱效果进行了模拟评价,得出：随聚合物注入PV数的增加,聚合物驱油效率增大,但增大幅度逐渐变小;随注入聚合物浓度的增加,聚合物驱油效率逐渐增大,其增大幅度逐渐变小。在此基础上,对辽河油田SH高含水油藏进行了聚合物驱和复合驱可行性评价,对比和分析了聚合物驱、聚合物-表活剂驱、聚合物-碱驱以及聚合物-表活剂-碱驱驱油效果,认为聚合物驱为该油藏最优的开发调整方式。     

聚合物交联调剖驱油数学模型

为了优化聚合物交联调剖驱油方案,预测驱油效果,建立了描述聚合物交联调剖驱油过程的数学模型。该模型通过水相粘度和渗透率下降系数的变化模拟调剖驱油机理。水相粘度和渗透率下降系数表述为交联剂浓度、聚合物浓度、pH值和成胶时间的函数。该模型能够模拟调剖驱油具有的流度控制驱油机理以及所发生的对流、弥散、扩散、吸附等一系列物化现象。进行了调剖驱油典型算例计算。计算结果表明所建立的数学模型对调剖驱油机理模拟正确,模型具有较强的实用性。可以通过数值模拟方法辅助进行聚合物交联调剖驱油的机理研究、实际应用可行性研究、矿场方案优选和开发效果预测。     

超低界面张力的二元驱油体系对水驱残余油启动和运移机理

针对三元复合驱含碱驱油体系引起地层黏土分散和运移、形成碱垢、导致地层渗透率下降,碱还会大幅度降低聚合物溶液的黏弹性,从而降低波及效率等问题,利用新研制的不加碱可形成超低界面张力两性表面活性剂,通过微观模型驱油实验,分析了聚丙烯酰胺/两性表面活性剂二元复合体系对残余油启动、运移的过程,研究了该二元复合体系对水驱后残余油的作用机理.研究表明:具有超低界面张力的聚表二元复合体系利用了聚合物溶液的黏弹特性和表面活性剂体系的超低界面张力特性,使采收率大幅度提高.残余油的启动主要以拉成油滴和油丝两种形式,在运移过程中,较大的油滴又形成更容易被驱替液携带的小油滴,从而使驱油效率提高.     

泡沫复合驱微观驱油特性分析

利用微观仿真光刻玻璃模型进行了驱油实验 ,对于亲水及亲油性不同的介质 ,利用图像采集系统将驱替过程的图像转化为计算机的数值信号 ,然后采用图像分析技术对碱表面活性剂聚合物泡沫复合驱的微观驱油特性进行了分析。特别对泡沫的挤压与占据作用、乳化油滴渗流、泡沫的选择性堵塞作用的分析结果表明 ,多元泡沫复合驱油过程中形成 3个条带 :前沿条带是混气复合体系及乳状液渗流 ;中间条带既有前沿条带中的两种渗流 ,也有泡沫渗流 ;后沿条带无油 ,以泡沫渗流为主。泡沫对驱扫盲端残余油有很大的优势 ,大泡将小泡挤入盲端 ,小泡将盲端中的油挤出。泡沫也具有明显的选择性堵塞作用 ,被驱出的油相及乳化的油滴可沿着泡沫之间的液膜绕过泡沫向前运移 ,这对于开发非均质性油藏极为有利。     

稠油泡沫驱和三元复合驱微观驱油机理对比研究

为了研究稠油泡沫驱和三元复合驱的微观驱油机理,利用微观仿真玻璃刻蚀模型进行了驱油实验,通过图像采集系统将驱替过程的图像转化为计算机的数值信号,然后采用图像分析技术进行对比研究.结果表明,泡沫驱对稠油的微观驱油机理有乳化作用、贾敏效应和泡沫的挤压剪切作用,而三元复合驱主要还是通过聚合物对管壁剩余油、盲端剩余油的拉、拽作用达到剥离稠油的目的.泡沫驱和三元复合驱相比,泡沫驱具有贾敏效应,能够对水流大通道进行有效封堵,从而提高了驱替剂的波及系数.三元复合驱虽然对稠油也具有较强的乳化作用,但是未观察到乳化捕集作用从而引起波及系数的提高.由于波及系数的提高对于开发稠油油藏极为有利,因此泡沫驱对提高稠油油藏采收率具有很大的优势.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.