磁制冷循环与磁工质的选择原则

磁循环和磁工质的选择对于磁制冷的成败与否是至关重要的。本文的主要目的是讨论磁工质所必要的磁学和热学特性以及探讨适合于不同温区的磁循环。文章首先给出了铁磁或顺磁材料的随温度和外场而变化的磁熵的计算结果,以及此类材料的晶格熵随德拜温度而变化的关系。在熵分析的基础上,就可得出磁工质和磁循环的遣择原则。本文还讨论了分别适用于低于20K,20～77 K,近300K三温区的磁工质的选用。最后,文章指出,高效制冷工质和蓄冷器是获得室温磁制冷的关键所在。     

室温磁制冷技术的研究进展

随着人们对环境问题和能源问题的日益重视,室温磁制冷技术以其节能环保的特点成为一项极具开发潜力的高新制冷技术。磁制冷技术是以磁制冷材料为工质的一项制冷技术,其基本原理是借助磁制冷材料的磁热效应,通过磁化和去磁过程的反复循环而达到制冷目的的。室温磁制冷技术有着十分广阔应用前景,有望取代传统的压缩制冷方式,用于家用、工业、商业、医疗卫生事业等领域使用的制冷器,因而室温磁制冷技术有着广泛的经济效益及社会效益。简要阐述了磁制冷技术的理论基础,磁热效应的原理及磁制冷循环,并介绍了室温磁制冷的工质及样机的研究现状与进展,并对磁制冷技术的发展做出展望。     

回热式磁布雷顿制冷循环

应用热力学理论，导出以顺磁质为工质的回热式磁布雷顿制冷循环的制冷量和制冷系数，并讨论回热对循环性能的影响，得出一些新的结论，可供磁制冷机研制时参考和应用。     

磁Ericsson制冷循环的优化性能

研究热阻、热漏及回热损失等不可逆因素对以顺磁盐为工质的Ericsson制冷循环性能的影响,分析和讨论循环的重要性能参数及优化工作区域,所得结论为磁制冷机的优化设计和性能评价提供参考。     

室温磁致冷的仿真与分析

室温磁致冷技术尚处于样机研制阶段,仿真分析可以简化该过程。借助有限元分析工具计算磁场分布,并将工质细化然后结合磁工质材料磁热特性计算工质微元完整循环中的热量变化,最后求和近似得到磁致冷装置的整体运行特性。针对一种简化室温磁致冷原理样机的Ericsson循环制冷过程进行详细的计算。仿真结果表明提高循环的制冷温跨可增大总回热量,但是制冷效率将会降低。该方法有助于综合评定室温磁致冷装置的设计效果、指导室温磁致冷机的研制过程。     

近室温磁制冷工质的研究现状与发展前景

基于稀土-过渡族金属间化合物Gd-Si-Ge系合金及钙钛矿型猛氧化物的磁热效应及其巨磁热效应机理,对近室温磁制冷材料的研究现状及材料与磁制冷技术的发展前景进行了分析.     

室温磁制冷活性蓄冷器多孔介质模型及其数值模拟

鉴于活性蓄冷器作为室温磁制冷核心部件,建立了活性蓄冷器二维复杂多孔介质模型,采用分子场理论计算励(退)磁过程磁性工质温度及磁熵变化,考虑了非Darcy效应、驻留流体、两相热扩散效应、热流边界效应及流体物性非定常的影响.采用有限差分法对两相能量方程进行离散求解.通过计算结果与实验结果的比较对模型进行了验证,认为所建模型能有效反映蓄冷器运行规律并模拟其内部温度分布.数值模拟结果显示:磁场强度变化为2.18 T条件下蓄冷器内金属Gd在其居里点处的温度改变为1.85 K;蓄冷器内部温度梯度明显,微元循环存在显著复叠现象;热流边界效应会导致蓄冷器制冷性能下降,流量较大时物性参数对制冷性能影响较大;在壁面热流通量为5 W/m2的条件下,蓄冷器获得的最大制冷量为201.8 W,对应性能系数为4.79.     

(Dy1-xGdx)Co2的磁熵变研究

通过磁性能测试，对金属间化合物(Dy1-xGdx)Co2(x＝0，0．1，0．2，0．4，0．6)的磁熵变和磁相变进行了研究．结果表明，该化合物的居里温度随Gd含量增加呈线性提高，而其磁熵变则降低．磁熵变下降的主要原因是Gd替代Dy后化合物的磁相变由一级相变转变为二级相变．由于这种化合物在较宽温区内具有可观的磁熵变，也探讨了它用作近室温磁制冷工质的可能性．     

(Dy_(1-x)Gd_x)Co_2的磁熵变研究

通过磁性能测试,对金属间化合物(Dy1-xGdx)Co2(x=0,0 1,0 2,0 4,0 6)的磁熵变和磁相变进行了研究.结果表明,该化合物的居里温度随Gd含量增加呈线性提高,而其磁熵变则降低.磁熵变下降的主要原因是Gd替代Dy后化合物的磁相变由一级相变转变为二级相变.由于这种化合物在较宽温区内具有可观的磁熵变,也探讨了它用作近室温磁制冷工质的可能性.     

室温磁制冷材料的研究现状

本文简要介绍了磁制冷的原理、历史,简述了磁热效应的表征,概述了近年来各室温磁制冷材料的研究进展及最新研究成果,展望了室温磁制冷材料的发展趋势。     

LARGE MAGNETIC ENTROPY CHANGE IN La_(0.67-x)Gd_xCa_(0.33)MnO_3

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Reduction of hysteresis losses in the magnetic refrigerant Gd5Ge2Si2 by the addition of iron

The magnetocaloric effect is the change in temperature of a material as a result of the alignment of its magnetic spins that occurs on exposure to an external magnetic field. The phenomenon forms the basis for magnetic refrigeration, a concept purported to be more efficient and environmentally friendly than conventional refrigeration systems. In 1997, a 'giant' magnetocaloric effect, between 270 K and 300 K, was reported in Gd5Ge2Si2, demonstrating its potential as a near-room-temperature magnetic refrigerant. However, large hysteretic losses (which make magnetic refrigeration less efficient) occur in the same temperature range. Here we report the reduction (by more than 90 per cent) of these hysteretic losses by alloying the compound with a small amount of iron. This has the additional benefit of shifting the magnetic entropy change peak (a measure of the refrigerator's optimal operating temperature) from 275 K to 305 K, and broadening its width. Although the addition of iron does not significantly affect the refrigerant capacity of the material, a greater net capacity is obtained for the iron-containing alloy when the hysteresis losses are accounted for. The iron-containing alloy is thus a much-improved magnetic refrigerant for near-room-temperature applications.     

Transition-metal-based magnetic refrigerants for room-temperature applications.

Magnetic refrigeration techniques based on the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) have recently been demonstrated as a promising alternative to conventional vapour-cycle refrigeration. In a material displaying the MCE, the alignment of randomly oriented magnetic moments by an external magnetic field results in heating. This heat can then be removed from the MCE material to the ambient atmosphere by heat transfer. If the magnetic field is subsequently turned off, the magnetic moments randomize again, which leads to cooling of the material below the ambient temperature. Here we report the discovery of a large magnetic entropy change in MnFeP0.45As0.55, a material that has a Curie temperature of about 300 K and which allows magnetic refrigeration at room temperature. The magnetic entropy changes reach values of 14.5 J K-1 kg-1 and 18 J K-1 kg-1 for field changes of 2 T and 5 T, respectively. The so-called giant-MCE material Gd5Ge2Si2 (ref. 2) displays similar entropy changes, but can only be used below room temperature. The refrigerant capacity of our material is also significantly greater than that of Gd (ref. 3). The large entropy change is attributed to a field-induced first-order phase transition enhancing the effect of the applied magnetic field.     

Magnetic refrigeration materials

Magnetic refrigeration has drawn much attention because of its greater efficiency and higher reliability than the traditional gas-cycle refrigeration technology. Recently, a kind of new materials with a giant magnetocaloric effect in the subroom temperature range, Gd5 (Six Ge1- x)4, was discovered, which boosts the search for high-performance magnetic refrigerants. However, the intermetallic compounds Gd5 (SixGe1 - x )4 belong to the first order transition materials; their performance in practical magnetic refrigeration cycles remains controversial. In this paper the developing tendency of the refrigerants are discussed on the basis of our work.     

磁性纳米功能材料研究进展

磁性纳米材料是纳米科技的重要研究领域之一。本文综述了磁性纳米材料的分类、特性及若干磁性功能材料在研究和应用方面的新进展。主要内容包括 :永磁纳米材料、软磁纳米材料、磁性液体、磁性生物高分子微球、纳米磁波材料等。     

磁感应热疗恶性肿瘤技术研究进展

 磁感应热疗恶性肿瘤是一种基于交变磁场辐照磁介质并通过磁感应产热杀死肿瘤病变组织的新兴技术。20世纪60年代,磁感应热疗技术兴起,围绕提高热疗效果、开发兼具多重疗效的磁性介质和优化温度场分布,开展了大量研究工作,取得了显著效果。本文总结了铁磁热籽、磁流体、磁性脂质体、磁性微晶玻璃、磁性骨水泥等的实验研究与临床应用近期进展,指出进一步提高疗效、优化治疗区热场分布中存在的问题。     

La_(1-x)K_xMnO_3磁卡效应的研究

用溶胶法制备了Ｌａ１－ｘＭｎＯ３系列样品,经ＸＲＤ分析表明样品为单相钙钛矿结构。ＴＥＭ结果显示样品的颗粒基本呈球状,粒径约在２００～３００ｎｍ之间。利用振动样品磁强计（ＶＳＭ）测量了样品的Ｍ－Ｔ和Ｍ－Ｈ曲线,研究了样品的居里温度和最大磁熵变随掺杂量的变化规律。结果表明,当调节居里温度在室温附近时,样品在低磁场下仍具有较大的磁熵变,有望成为在室温下使用的磁制冷工质。