Physiological responses of osteoblasts to cyclic stretching and the change of intracellular calcium concentration

The development of bone tissues is regulated by mechanical stimulation.Cyclic stretching was applied to the osteoblasts that were delivered from rat calvarie,The results showed that stretching at 500με increased the cell proliferation while loading at 1000με and 1500με inhabited cell growth ,Loading also increased the adhesive force between cells and substrate as well as spreading areas of osteobalsts.Furthermore,the fluorescence probe Fluo-3/AM was used to investigate the effect of stretching stimulation on the intracellular calcium concentration of osteoblasts.The intracellular calcium concentration of osteoblasts that were stretched at 500 με for 5 min was 92.9% higher than the control ,After being treated with the panax ontoginseng saponins,the streteched osteoblasts still expressed 28.6% higher intracellular calcium concentration than that of the control ,which proved that both the influx of extracellualr calcium and the release of intracellular calcium store were involved in the increase of intracellular calcium concentration when osteoblasts responded to the cyclic stretching And the influx of extracellular calcium through transmembrance channel played a main role.     

Calcium carbonate nanoparticles promote osteogenesis compared to adipogenesis in human bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells

Rhombohedron-like and fusiform calcium carbonate nanoparticles were fabricated using a new method. Their geometry was controlled by varying the mixing speed and ratio of ethanol versus water in reaction system. The calcium carbonate nanoparticles(CCNPs) have slight effect on viability of human bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells(hBMSCs) with dose-dependent and shape-dependent, but they can significantly promote osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs in vitro by 10–37% increase of alkaline phosphatase(ALP) activity, 9–36% growth of collagen secretion and 1.13–1.83 folds upregulation of osteogenesis-related genes, even at lower dose ranges(5–20 μg/ml). The efficacity of promoting osteogenesis depends on the shape and dose of CCNPs. Furthermore,adipogenesis was inhibited by less accumulation of lipid droplets, lower triglyceride(TG) secretion and downregulation of adipogenesis-related genes. These findings improve the understanding of effects CCNPs on hBMSCs fate towards osteoblasts or adipocytes and have meaningful impact for combining use of CCNPs and hBMSCs in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine fields.     

PLGA多孔支架降解与成骨细胞相互作用的影响

研究聚丙交酯-乙交酯(PLGA)多孔支架降解和大鼠股骨成骨细胞生理活性之间的相互影响.将大鼠股骨成骨细胞接种于PLGA多孔支架上,观察4周降解时间内成骨细胞增殖活性、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性和钙浓度的变化以及PLGA相对分子质量损失、拉伸性能和压缩性能的变化.实验结果表明,支架降解初期,成骨细胞增殖活性较高,ALP活性和分泌钙的浓度较低;支架降解中后期,细胞增殖速度明显减慢,ALP活性和分泌钙的浓度明显下降.接种有细胞的支架降解过程中相对分子质量减小的速度快于对照组,力学拉伸强度和压缩杨氏模量低于对照组.支架材料中后期降解对细胞产生的影响大于降解初期,细胞附着于支架的生理活动加快了支架降解速度.     

大鼠骨髓基质细胞体外定向诱导成骨

将大鼠骨髓单细胞悬液静置培养36h，利用骨髓基质细胞贴壁能力强的特点对其进行纯化和扩增培养。采用爬片培养、HE染色、组化染色以及碱性磷酸酶活性和钙含量测定等手段研究培养骨髓基质细胞的形态、分化和分泌基质情况。结果表明，非诱导培养条件下骨髓基质细胞呈梭形，部分传代细胞中可观察到脂肪细胞和肌细胞。经成骨性诱导培养后，骨髓基质细胞发生明显的形态学变化，碱性磷酸酶活性上升，钙含量增加，最终形成典型的矿化结节。提示培养大鼠骨髓基质细胞具有分化成脂肪细胞和肌细胞的能力，但其分化成骨的潜能最为强大。本实验诱导骨髓基质细胞分化为成骨细胞的模式有可能适用于骨组织工程研究。     

Effect of La^3＋ on osteoblastic differentiation of rat bone marrow stromal cells

Lanthanides are increasingly used in industry and agriculture in recent years. These applications increase the accumulation of lanthanides in the human body, especially in bone[1]. Thus, people paid extensive atten-tion to the effect of lanthanides on bon…     

山芝烯二醇对体外培养成骨细胞成骨活性的影响

为研究玉柏石松提取物山芝烯二醇对体外培养小鼠颅骨成骨细胞活性的影响,采用MTT法、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）试剂盒、荧光定量PCR检测不同浓度药物作用不同时间后成骨细胞增殖、ALP活性和成骨活性相关基因,如原癌基因（c-jun、c-fos）、成骨转录因子（Osterix）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、Ⅰ型胶原（Col-Ⅰ）、骨钙素（OC）表达.结果显示：山芝烯二醇处理早期（3 d）促进成骨细胞增殖,促进c-jun、c-fos基因表达,先抑制后促进Osterix基因表达;晚期（9 d）促进ALP活性和ALP、Col-Ⅰ基因表达,对OC基因无明显影响.说明山芝烯二醇可以促进成骨细胞的增值,ALP活性及部分骨相关基因表达,是玉柏石松促进骨愈合的有效成分之一.     

血小板上清液对家兔生长板软骨细胞增殖的影响

目的:观察人血小板上清液(hum an p latelet supernatant,hPS)对体外培养幼兔生长板软骨细胞增殖与分化的影响。方法:原代分离培养兔生长板软骨细胞并稳定传代,同时添加不同体积分数的hPS,采用W ST-8染色法检测细胞增殖倍数;A lc ian B lue法测基质蛋白多糖含量;羟脯氨酸法测定软骨细胞胶原产量,酶动力学方法测定碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性。结果:体积分数5%hPS组显著促进软骨细胞的增殖以及基质蛋白多糖的合成,但形态上失去其软骨表型。各体积分数组hPS对总胶原的合成与对照组相比差异没有显著性意义,hPS抑制了ALP的活性。结论:hPS可以有效地促进生长板软骨细胞的增殖,抑制其肥大化。     

Notch signaling stimulates osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Notch signaling is one of the most important pathways mediating cell determination and differentiation.In this study, the roles of Notch signal in the regulation of osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were investigated. The expression of Notch1, Jaggedl and DTXI detected by reverse transcrip-tion polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) suggested that Notch signal might exhibit a physiological regulatory role in the differentiation of MSCs. Constitutive expression of the intracellular domain of Notchl (ICN), the active form of Notchl protein, can activate Notch signal in cells without ligands‘ binding, hMSCs were isolated, expanded, and infected with retrovirus carrying green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene or ICN. Overexpression of ICN in hMSCs resulted in enhanced osteogenic differentiation induced by dexamethasone (Dex), which was characterized by an increase of cellular alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium deposition. These results indicate that Notch stimulates differentiation of MSCs into osteoblasts.     

26-失碳-8-氧代-α-芒柄花萜醇对体外培养成骨细胞活性的影响

为研究玉柏石松提取物26-失碳-8-氧代-α-芒柄花萜醇(26-NO-Ono)对成骨细胞活性的影响,采用MTT检测不同浓度26-NO-Ono(3.33,6.66,13.32,26.64μmol/L)对成骨细胞增殖率,碱性磷酸酶(ALP)试剂盒检测成骨细胞内ALP活性,荧光定量PCR检测成骨细胞骨相关基因表达.结果表明:26-NO-Ono给药1d可促进成骨细胞增殖,给药3d可促进成骨细胞ALP活性.26-NO-Ono处理3d和9d会抑制骨涎蛋白(BSP)、I型胶原蛋白(Col-I)以及骨钙素蛋白(OCN)的基因表达;处理6d会促进上述基因的表达.26-NO-Ono长期处理(6d和9d)可以抑制骨桥蛋白(OPN)的基因表达,说明26-NO-Ono对成骨细胞的成骨活性的影响呈时间依赖性,剂量依赖性和细胞分化状态依赖性.     

Alternative splicing and expression of the insulin-like growth factor （IGF-1） gene in osteoblasts under mechanical stretch

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) promotes osteoblasts differentiation and bone formation, and its expression is induced by mechanical stretch, thus IGF-1 has been considered an effector molecule that links mechanical stimulation and local tissue responses. In this study, a mechanical stretching device was designed to apply physiological level static or cyclic stretching stimulation to osteoblasts. Different isoforms of IGF-1 mRNA were amplified by RT-PCR from the cells using respective primers and these amplified products were sequenced. An iso-form of IGF-1 splicing product was found to be selectively produced by osteoblasts under stretching stimulation. This IGF-1 isoform had identical sequence with the mechano growth factor (MGF) which was originally identified in muscle cells. Regulations of the expression of the liver-type IGF (L.IGF-1) and MGF in osteoblasts under stretch stimulation were further studied using semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Stretch stimulation was found to promot the expression of IGF-1 (L.IGF-1 and MGF), and for both isoforms expression was more effectively stimulated by cyclic stretch than static stretch. MGF was detected only in osteoblasts subjected to mechanical stretch, suggesting MGF was a stretch sensitive growth factor. Expression of MGF peaked earlier than that of L.IGF-1, which was similar to their regulation in muscle and suggested similar roles of MGF and L.IGF-1 in bone as in muscle cells. The functions of MGF and LIGF-1 in osteoblasts shall be established by further experimental studies.     

Sequence of human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases and its identity to erythroid-potentiating activity

Collagen fibres form the stable architecture of connective tissues and their breakdown is a key irreversible step in many pathological conditions. The destruction of collagen is usually initiated by proteinases, the best known of which is the metalloproteinase collagenase (EC 3.4.24). Collagenase and related metalloproteinases are regulated at the level of their synthesis and secretion, through the action of specific stimuli such as hormones and cytokines, and also at the level of their extracellular activity through the action of a specific inhibitor, TIMP (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases), which irreversibly forms inactive complexes with metalloproteinases. Although the mechanisms governing the production of TIMP are unknown, immunologically identical forms of this glycoprotein have been detected in a wide variety of human body fluids and cell and tissue culture media. We therefore suggested that under physiological conditions this ubiquitous inhibitor predominates over active metalloproteinases and that tissue destruction may arise when any perturbation of this controlling excess arises. However, further progress towards testing this theory has been hindered by a lack of knowledge about the structure of TIMP and insufficient material for studying it in model systems. Here we describe the structure of TIMP predicted from its complementary DNA, its synthesis in Escherichia coli and transfected animal cells, and the finding that it is identical to a protein recently reported to have erythroid-potentiating activity (EPA).     

利用漂浮组织块获得高纯度兔成骨细胞的方法

建立了一种能够获得高纯度成骨细胞的简便可靠的培养方法,为成骨细胞的相关研究提供稳定的种子细胞来源。在常规培养方法的基础上进行改良,建立了组织块漂浮培养法,从新生兔颅骨分离、培养成骨细胞。观察细胞的生长状态及形态,绘制生长曲线并计算细胞倍增时间,并进行碱性磷酸酶染色和矿化能力的检测。该方法分离培养的细胞显示典型的成骨细胞生物学特性,获得的成骨细胞纯度高、性状稳定、增殖能力强。说明组织块漂浮培养法是一种可行的培养方法,能够为成骨细胞的相关研究提供稳定可靠的种子细胞来源。     

Effects of genistein, daidzein and glycitein on the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells and on the adipogenic trans-differentiation of osteoblasts

The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and oil red O assays were used to examine the effects of genistein, daidzein and glycitein on the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of primary mouse bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) and the adipogenic trans-differentiation of primary mouse osteoblasts. The results indicated that daidzein, genistein and glycitein at concentrations from 1×10^-8 mol/L to 1×10^-5 mol/L promoted the proliferation of MSCs and osteoblasts; genistein, daidzein and glycitein promoted osteogenic differentiation and inhibited adipogenic differentiation of MSCs, and inhibited adipocytic transdifferentiation of osteoblasts at appropriate concentrations as 17β-estradiol. It suggests that genistein, daidzein and glycitein regulate a dual differentiational process of MSCs into the osteogenic and adipogenic lineages, and trans-differentiational process of primary osteoblasts into the adipocyte lineages, causing a lineage shift toward osteoblast. Protective effects of them on bone may be mediated by a reversal of adipogenesis which may promote the proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of osteoblasts, and make adipocytes secrete less cytokines which may promote osteoclast formation and activation. In addition, the results also indicated that genistein, daidzein and glycitein may be helpful in preventing the development of steroid induced osteonecrosis.     

Activation of facilitation calcium channels in chromaffin cells by D1 dopamine receptors through a cAMP/protein kinase A-dependent mechanism

Facilitation calcium channels in unstimulated bovine chromaffin cells are normally quiescent but are activated by large pre-depolarizations or by repetitive depolarization in the physiological range. The activation of these 27-pS dihydropyridine-sensitive channels by repetitive stimulation, such as by increased splanchnic nerve activity, can lead to an almost twofold increase in Ca2+ current in these cells. This increase in Ca2+ current is of probable physiological importance in stimulating rapid catecholamine secretion in response to danger or stress. We have identified D1 dopaminergic receptors on bovine chromaffin cells by fluorescence microscopy. Here we show that stimulation of the D1 receptors activates the facilitation Ca2+ currents in the absence of pre-depolarizations or repetitive activity, and that activation by D1 agonists is mediated by cyclic AMP and protein kinase A. The recruitment of facilitation Ca2+ channels by dopamine may form the basis of a positive feedback loop mechanism for catecholamine secretion.     

Diacylglycerol and phorbol ester stimulate secretion without raising cytoplasmic free calcium in human platelets

An increase in cytoplasmic free calcium, [Ca2+]i, is thought to be the trigger for secretory exocytosis in many cells. In blood platelets, large rises in [Ca2+]i can cause secretion and calcium has been regarded as the final common activator not only for secretion but also for shape-change and aggregation. We have shown that while thrombin and platelet-activating factor (PAF) normally elevate [Ca2+]i, they can also stimulate shape-change and secretion even when the [Ca2+]i rise is suppressed. The present results strongly implicate diacylglycerol, produced by stimulus-dependent breakdown of phosphoinositide, in this calcium-independent activation. Exogenous diacylglycerol activates a protein kinase (C-kinase) in platelets as do PAF, thrombin and collagen. 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) also activates C-kinase and is a potent stimulus for secretion and aggregation. It is shown here that the exogenous diacylglycerol 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-glycerol (OAG) and TPA evoke similar secretion and aggregation without elevating [Ca2+]i above the basal level of 0.1 microM. The pattern of secretion resembles that produced by collagen and thrombin when [Ca2+]i remains at basal levels. Modest increases in [Ca2+]i, insufficient to stimulate secretion, markedly accelerate the responses to TPA and OAG.     

Effects of Nd<Superscript>3+</Superscript> and Sm<Superscript>3+</Superscript> on the proliferation,differentiation and mineralization function of primary osteoblasts <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis>

A series of experimental methods including 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H tetrazolium bromide (MTT) test, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity measurement, Oil Red O stain and measurement, mineralized function expression and quantitive real time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) were employed to assess the effect of Nd³⁺ and Sm³⁺ on the proliferation, differentiation and mineralization function of primary osteoblasts (OBs) in vitro at cell and molecular levels. The experimental results suggest that concentration, culture time and ion species are pivotal factors for switching the biological effects of rare earth ions from toxicity to activity, from damage to protection, or from down-regulation to up-regulation.     

Stimulation of bone resorption and inhibition of bone formation in vitro by human tumour necrosis factors

When leukocytes are exposed to mitogens or antigens in vitro, they release bone-resorbing activity into the culture supernatants which can be detected by bioassay. Like many lymphocyte-monocyte products, this activity has been difficult to purify because of its low abundance in activated leukocyte cultures and the unwieldy bioassay required to detect biological activity. Partially purified preparations of this activity inhibit bone collagen synthesis in organ cultures of fetal rat calvariae. Recent data suggest that both activated lymphocytes and monocytes release factors which could contribute to this activity. Recently, monocyte-derived tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and lymphocyte-derived tumour necrosis factor beta (TNF-beta) (previously called lymphotoxin), two multifunctional cytokines which have similar cytotoxic effects on neoplastic cell lines, have been purified to homogeneity and their complementary DNAs cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. As both of these cytokines are likely to be present in activated leukocyte supernatants, we tested purified recombinant preparations for their effects on bone resorption and bone collagen synthesis in vitro, and report here that both cytokines at 10(-7) to 10(-9) M caused osteoclastic bone resorption and inhibited bone collagen synthesis. These data suggest that at least part of the bone-resorbing activity present in activated leukocyte culture supernatants may be due to these cytokines.     

不同磷条件下斜生栅藻胞外ALP和ACP的变化

不同培养液磷的含量对斜生栅藻胞外ALP、ACP的活性有显著影响,在磷胁迫时,胞外ALP的活性显著增加,ACP的活性有类似的变化,但上升幅度小于ALP。在有机磷存在时,ALP的活性变化与磷胁迫时相近,而ACP对不同磷源的变化反应不明显。pH对斜生栅藻胞外ALP和ACP的影响不明显,但可以显著提高胞外CA活性。     

氧化钙固体碱催化剂的制备及在制备生物柴油中的应用

实验研究了碳酸钙、氢氧化钙和氧化钙在催化大豆油和甲醇酯交换制备生物柴油的催化活性,并以轻质碳酸钙为原料,经过高温焙烧制备了氧化钙固体碱催化剂,考察了焙烧温度和焙烧时间对催化剂催化活性高低的影响。选取活性最高的氧化钙催化大豆油和甲醇制备生物柴油,利用气相色谱仪检测生成物中甲酯的含量来计算生物柴油的收率,结果表明:催化剂用量为大豆油质量的3.5%、醇油摩尔比为10∶1、回流时间为3.5 h,生物柴油收率可高达97.3%。通过实验进一步证明:在同一反应条件下短链醇的直链越短,支链越少,生物柴油收率越高。     

端粒酶转染防治角膜内皮失代偿的研究

目的评价端粒酶转染对角膜内皮细胞形态和功能的影响。方法将体外培养的猫角膜内皮细胞随机分为3组,兔端粒酶基因转染组、正常对照组和表皮生长因子组。培养30代后观察传代细胞形态和细胞周期各时相细胞比例的变化,检测端粒酶逆转录酶蛋白和Ⅳ型胶原的表达。结果兔端粒酶基因转染组细胞数目较正常对照组和表皮生长因子组增多,伸展贴壁能力增强,表型正常,G2～M期和S期细胞比例显著增加,端粒酶逆转录酶蛋白和Ⅳ型胶原的表达也较正常对照组增多。结论兔端粒酶转染可以促进猫角膜内皮细胞增殖且表型正常,可以增强其伸展粘附能力和分泌功能,有利于防治角膜内皮失代偿。