高压共轨柴油机Sub-220 nm超细颗粒物排放特性研究

超细颗粒物是雾霾的重要组分,对人体健康影响极大。在一台六缸高压共轨柴油机上研究不同工况下Sub-220 nm超细颗粒物的排放特性,结果表明:碳烟排放在小负荷时极低,且随着负荷的增加而增加;Sub-220 nm超细颗粒物排放数量浓度在小负荷时高,且随负荷的增加而降低;Sub-220 nm超细颗粒物数量浓度的粒径分布为在小负荷和满负荷时是双峰特性,其余工况是单峰特性;转速升高,缸内气流运动加强,超细颗粒物排放数量浓度明显降低,各特征直径明显降低。     

赤桉木材微纳米粒子溶出规律的研究

采用单因素试验法,分析赤桉溶出粒子的特征,探索赤桉木材纳米粒子在索氏抽提、超声波抽提、冷冻抽提、激光等离子抽提中的溶出规律。结果表明：（1）回归曲线显示,在索氏抽提过程中,抽出量随赤桉木片抽提时间延长而增大;（2）在索氏苯/醇抽提过程中,以体积分数为评价指标时,溶出的纳米粒子直径主要集中在37.8～106nm,60.27%;以数量分数为评价指标时,溶出的纳米粒子直径主要集中在28.2～91.3nm,83.68%; 4150～5560、4150～5560nm、1110～6440nm的粒子数量极少而无法测试,其体积分数仅分别为0.3％、0.3％、2.6％,但足以对木材渗透产生屏障、对制浆产生树脂障碍;（3）超声波抽提过程中,粒径在28.2～78.8 nm之间的纳米粒子的体积分数为80.1％,粒径在24.4～50.7 nm之间的粒子数占89.0％,而粒径在190～396 nm之间的粒子体积占15.2％,且数量极少;冷冻抽提过程中,粒径在18.2～32.7 nm之间的纳米粒子的体积分数为89.0％,粒径在18.2～28.2 nm之间的粒子数占88.6％,而粒径在220～531 nm之间的粒子体积占4.7％,且数量极少;激光等离子抽提过程中,粒径在11.7～18.2 nm之间的纳米粒子的体积分数为92.3％,粒径在11.7～18.2 nm之间的粒子数占96.5％,而粒径在220～396 nm之间的粒子体积占1.6％,且数量极少。由此可见,超声波、冷冻预处理、激光等离子在抽提中均能降低赤桉木材微纳米粒子的集聚程度,而且还能提高微纳米粒子的溶出量,其中激光等离子抽提效果最好。     

Acetone hydrogenation in exothermic reactor of an isopropanol–acetone–hydrogen chemical heat pump: effect of intra-particle mass and heat transfer

Intra-particle mass and heat transfer plays an important role in performance of the exothermic fixed-bed reactor for an isopropanol-acetone-hydrogen chemical heat pump. In this work, an exothermic fixed-bed reactor model, taking into account the actual packing structure, is established in the commercial software Fluent. A 120° segment of a tube with tube-to-particle diameter ratio （n） of 4, where realistic particles are packed and set to porous media, is used to simulate the 3D external flow, concen- tration and temperature fields in the exothermic packed-bed reactor. The influence of catalyst particle diameter （dp） and micropore diameter （do） on the intra-particle temperature, species distribution, reaction rate and selectivity is dis- cussed. The appropriate dp and do are obtained. Simulation results showed that intra-particle temperature gradient is not obvious. Large dp and small do lead to remarkable gradient of reaction rate inside the catalyst particle and the decrease in the catalyst efficiency and reduce the acetone conversion and the selectivity in isopropanol. The optimal results reveal that the spherical catalyst with dp of 1 mm and dpore of 10 nm is appropriate for high-temperature acetone hydrogenation.     

复合添加炭黑对低碳铝碳材料显微结构与性能的影响

以板状刚玉颗粒、活性氧化铝微粉、Si粉为主要原料,以N220或N990炭黑为碳源,以热固性酚醛树脂为结合剂,在埋炭条件下制备低碳铝碳材料,研究添加不同炭黑对所制得试样显微结构、抗折强度及热震稳定性的影响。结果表明,添加N220炭黑有利于促进材料的致密化和有效发挥纳米炭黑粒子对热应力的吸收作用,降低热冲击对材料结构的破坏,而添加N990炭黑有助于改善铝碳材料的孔结构,有利于试样在高温下形成长径比更大的碳化硅晶须,从而提高材料的力学性能;复合添加N220、N990炭黑能提高低碳铝碳材料试样的强度和抗热震性。材料热震后的抗折强度为7.44 MPa、残余强度保持率为53%~62%。     

橡胶基复合材料中的短纤维长径比及其分布

对3种不同直径，相同表观长径比的涤纶短纤维增强4172氯丁橡胶基复合材料中的短纤维长度进行了研究，用全统计法测量了短纤维的实际长度，讨论了短纤维直径，用量及混炼工艺等因素对短纤维长度及其分布的影响，结果表明：在相同条件下，短纤维直径越小的纤维断裂速度越慢，短纤维长径比越大，随着纤维含量的增加，纤维的平均长度增加，并且没有发生断裂的纤维的含量越来越多，在相同的辊距下进行多次薄通时，不同直径的纤维最后趋向于具有相同的长径比，研究结果可为短纤维橡胶基复合材料性能的研究提供参考。     

LAMOST多目标光纤光谱仪的研制及试运行

LAMOST望远镜（郭守敬望远镜）配置了16台低分辨率多目标光纤光谱仪,一次曝光可同时获得4000个天体的光谱信息.LAMOST低分辨率光谱仪采用新型体位相全息光栅,双通道大视场施密特光学系统,准直光束口径200mm.每台光谱仪分红、蓝区两个通道,红蓝区各配置按工作波段优化的4K×4K科学级CCD芯片,CCD采用液氮制冷.光谱仪波长覆盖范围370～900nm,光谱分辨率R=1000～10000.研制完成后的16台光谱仪安装于国家天文台兴隆观测站LAMOST焦面楼光谱房内,这些光谱仪已经用于科学试观测并取得了一批科研成果.     

基于负偏心的钢管插板连接极限承载力研究

通过试验对长细比比较大的有负偏心作用的1/4加肋钢管插板连接的极限承载力进行了研究,并与有限元得出的结果进行了比较,在此基础上对不同长细比和不同负偏心距的极限承载力进行了数值分析,提出了建议公式。结果表明：负偏心对长细比比较大的主管的承载力是不利的,对长细比小的主管的承载力是有利的,主要是由于长细比比较大时整体失稳先于局部屈曲,而长细比小时局部屈曲起主要控制作用;主管直径D,厚度t以及节点板长度B对承载力的影响是很明显的; 所提出的建议公式具有一定的适用性。     

The template preparation and characterization of three new shapes of titania nanometer-array systems

Nano-structure systems such as nano-structure de- vices and quantum devices have become a hot spot[1] in the materials science. Recently, the synthesis and the preliminary exploration of the properties of novel nano-structures or nanometer constitutional …     

Size-manipulat ion, compacti on and electrical properties of barium manganite nanorods synthesized via the CHM method

A composite-hydroxide mediated method was employed to synthesize barium manganite nanorods.Diameter,surface smoothness and uniformity of these nanorods were optimized by varying reaction temperature and reaction time.The rods with an average diameter of 200 nm and length of1–1.5 μm were obtained at optimum conditions of 200 1C/48 h.The dielectric study of these rods reveals that they have higher value of dielectric constant at lower frequencies which was attributed to the interfacial and rotational type polarizations.Similarly,the increase in dielectric constant with temperature was attributed to the thermal activation of such polarizations.Furthermore,the analysis of ln(J) vs.E1/2characteristics in the temperature range of 300–400 K shows that possible operative conduction mechanism was of Poole–Frenkel type.The value of βexp was found to be 4.85 times greater than the expected theoretical value of feld lowering coeffcient with an internal feld enhancement factor ofα2 23.5.This high value of βexp may be due to some localized electric felds existing inside the sample.     

Well-aligned carbon nanotube array membrane synthesized in porous alumina template by chemical vapor deposition

A new simple approach was devetoped for preparing wetl-aligned and monodispersed carbon nanotube (CNT) array membrane within the cylindrical pores of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Acetylene and hydrogen were used in the CVD process with Fe-catalyzer at 700°C under 250 Pa. Scanning etectron microscope (SEM) and transmission etectron microscope (TEM) were employed to characterize the resulting highly-oriented uniform hollow tube array which had a diameter of about 250 nm, a tube density of 5.3x10⁸ cm² and a length of about 60 μm. The length and diameter of the tubes depend on the thickness and pore diameter of the template. The growth properties of the CNT array film can be achieved by controlling the structure of the template, the particle size of Fe-catalyzer, the temperature in the reactor, the flow ratio and the deposition time. The highly-oriented and uniform CNT array membrane fabricated by this simple method is very much useful in a variety of applications.     

First-principle study on the surface atomic relaxation properties of sphalerite

The surface properties of sphalerite (ZnS) were theoretically investigated using first principle calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT). DFT results indicate that both the (110) and the (220) surfaces of sphalerite undergo surface atom relaxation after geometry optimization, which results in a considerable distortion of the surface region. In the normal direction, i.e., perpendicular to the surface, S atoms in the first surface layer move outward from the bulk (d₁), whereas Zn atoms move toward the bulk (d₂), forming an S-enriched surface. The values of these displacements are 0.003 nm for d₁ and 0.021 nm for d₂ on the (110) surface, and 0.002 nm for d₁ and 0.011 nm for d₂ on the (220) surface. Such a relaxation process is visually interpreted through the qualitative analysis of molecular mechanics. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) analysis provides the evidence for the S-enriched surface. A polysulphide (S_n2-) surface layer with a binding energy of 163.21 eV is formed on the surface of sphalerite after its grinding under ambient atmosphere. This S-enriched surface and the S_n2- surface layer have important influence on the flotation properties of sphalerite.     

Synthesis of CdS nanowires on Cd foil and their photoluminescence properties

Cadmium sulfide(CdS) nanowires were synthesized on Cd foil via a simple solvothermal reaction at 180 ℃ using thiosemicarbazide as the sulfide source and ethylenediamine as the solvent.The CdS nanowires are hexagonal-phase single crystals with an average diameter of 50 nm and length of several microns.The as-prepared CdS nanowires show an absorption peak of around 483 nm in the absorption spectrum.The CdS nanowires exhibit bright photoluminescence(PL) with two distinct emission bands at 503 nm and 697 nm,which shows that the as-prepared CdS nanowires are high-quality nanocrystals.     

纳米棒状丁二酮肟镍晶体的制备及表征

采用碱性丁二酮肟溶液与氯化镍溶液反应,在超声辅助下生成丁二酮肟镍沉淀。利用XRD、FT-IR、FE-SEM和TG对产物进行表征。结果表明：产物属于丁二酮肟镍棒状结晶,其直径分布在35-100nm之间,平均直径54nm,长度分布在100-600nm之间。     

Catalytic self-assembly preparation and characterization of carbon nitride nano-tubes by a solvothermal method

A solvothermal reaction of anhydrous CaNaCl3 and sodium using cyclohexane as solvent and NiCI2 as catalyst precursor has been carried out to prepare carbon nitride nanotubes successfully at 230℃ and 1.8 MPa. The carbon nitride nanotubes were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction (ED), electron energy loss spectrum (EELS) and Raman spectrum.SEM and TEM results indicated that the tubes have a length of 20-30 μm, a uniform outer diameter of about 50-60 nm,an inner diameter of 30-40 nm and are highly ordered assembled as bundles. The EELS measurement indicated that the ratio of N/C was about 1.00. The ED and XRD analyses revealed that the tube may have a new CN crystalline structure. The growth mechanism of nanotubes was discussed.     

ZnS/PVA纳米复合薄膜的制备及其非线性三光子吸收研究

采用原位复合的方法制备出厚度为20μm的聚乙烯醇(PVA)与ZnS纳米微粒复合的薄膜,利用透射电镜(TEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)研究薄膜样品的微结构性能,证明已制备出立方晶相的针状ZnS纳米晶.用Z-扫描技术研究ZnS/PVA纳米复合薄膜的非线性光学性质,发现该薄膜对532 nm纳秒脉冲激光表现出较强的非线性吸收效应,而且非线性吸收强度随入射光强的增加而减少.该非线性吸收主要由纳米ZnS的三光子吸收引起,并伴随弱饱和吸收现象发生.     

活性材料增强PELE杀伤效应

 采用数值模拟与实验相结合的方法,研究了活性材料增强侵彻膨胀弹（PELE）对金属靶板的作用效应,获得了活性材料增强PELE 长径比、靶厚、着速对作用效应的影响。结果表明,改变长径比,对活性材料增强PELE 的横向增强效应以及爆燃效应影响不大,但长径比过小,产生的破片数量和活性材料装填量较少,会导致毁伤效果降低;在800 m/s 着速下,活性材料增强PELE对10~15 mm 厚度范围内的钢靶板毁伤效应较好,更适合应用于拦截高速来袭目标。     

乙醇为溶剂超临界干燥法制备纳米Al2O3

以硝酸铝为原料,柠檬酸为分散剂,无水乙醇为溶剂,采用溶胶-凝胶结合超临界干燥的方法制备了纳米AlOOH。经过500～900℃焙烧后得到纳米γ-Al₂O₃。考察了溶液pH值、硝酸铝与柠檬酸物质的量比对AlOOH粉体,以及焙烧温度对γ-Al₂O₃两者形貌和尺寸的影响。采用TEM、XRD、IR对超细粒子的粒径、形貌进行了表征。结果表明,制备溶胶时的pH值和柠檬酸的〖JP2〗加入对经超临界干燥所得的AlOOH的形貌和尺寸有明显影响。在pH=3,n(C₆H₈O₇)∶n(Al(NO₃)₃)=1∶2的条件下可得到纤维状纳米AlOOH(直径为1～10nm, 长为30～40nm)。该AlOOH经500～900℃焙烧后可得纤维状纳米γ-Al₂O₃,其直径为1～10nm,长为30～70nm。     

存在于牡蛎肝胰腺的病毒样颗粒的发现

近年来，人工吊养牡蛎时有发病，从中采样进行电镜观察，发现一种直径为 １５０～１８０ｎｍ，有包膜，存在于细胞质中的球状病毒样颗粒，以及另一种大小为 ５０～８６ × ２１０～２８０ ｎｍ，有包膜，存在于细胞质中的弹状病毒样颗粒．该形态大小的球状病毒颗粒在长毛对虾和珠带拟蟹宋螺中也可见．     

Mesoporous fibrous silicon nitride by catalytic nitridation of silicon

The catalytic effect of metal oxide/alumina whiskers(CeO_2, Mn_3O_4, NiO, Co_3O_4, Fe_2O_3, Cr_2O_3/AW) was evaluated on their ability to drive the nitridation of silicon and to generate mesoporous fibrous silicon networks.Silicon powder with different particles size along with the catalyst was nitridized at 1300 °C for 5 h in nitrogen and nitrogen diluted with 10 vol% ammonia atmospheres. Nitridation degree of silicon up to 99% was recorded using 1.5 wt% CeO_2 and Fe_2O_3 catalysts in nitrogen-ammonia atmosphere. The catalyzed samples contain submicronic silicon nitride fibres with a diameter of 400–500 nm and a length of up to few micrometers. The compressive strength of 46 ± 1 MPa was measured for silicon samples catalyzed with nickel oxide/alumina whiskers and nitridized in N_2/10 vol%NH_3 atmosphere. Porous silicon nitride networks were produced with 45–52% porosity, pore sizes in the range of 370–1200 nm and median pore in the range of 495–1655 nm.     

基于高阶模干涉的双参量同时测量传感器的实验研究

提出一种单模-多模-单模(SMS)与光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)级联的传感结构,利用了多模光纤内的高阶模干涉原理实现传感测量.本文采用了同长度芯径分别为50μm和60μm的多模光纤.实验结果显示,在SMS结构中,芯径50 μm和60μm的温度灵敏度分别为0.095nm/℃和0.127nm/℃,采用大芯径多模光纤略有提高SMS结构的温度灵敏度;折射率灵敏度分别为61.96nm/RIU和128.11nm/RIU,采用大芯径多模光纤大大提高了SMS结构的折射率灵敏度,该传感器能够用于温度和折射率的同时测量.