利用接收函数方法研究大盈江断裂两侧S波速度结构

 利用研究区(24.2°~25.2°N,97.5°~98.5°E)内大盈江断裂两侧5个流动数字地震台站记录到的宽频带远震P波波形数据进行接收函数反演,得到台站下方0~100km深度范围内地壳、上地幔S波速度细结构.结果表明:研究区内,以大盈江断裂为界,其西北侧Moho面深度约为38km;东南侧Moho面深度为40~42km.断裂两侧地壳、上地幔S波速度结构存在显著差异,东南侧台站下方地壳和上地幔均存在大范围低速区;西北侧台站下方地壳内存在低速层,而上地幔中无明显低速层.研究区内的S波速度结构存在明显的横向非均匀性.     

青藏高原东南缘存在连通的下地壳流吗?

利用国家数字地震台网的137个固定台站以及332个ChinArray流动台站的数据,基于背景噪声和远震面波成像方法,共同约束瑞利面波相速度,并通过非线性方法(马尔科夫链蒙特卡洛方法)反演青藏高原东南缘的地壳三维剪切波速度结构。反演结果表明,青藏高原东南缘存在大范围连通的下地壳流,表现为下地壳存在连通的波速小于3.55km/s的近水平的剪切波低速区,且与地表地形有很好的对应关系。推断青藏高原东南缘存在3支连通的地壳流,第一支位于攀枝花一带以西,第二支位于攀枝花一带以东,第三支位于攀枝花一带的下地壳。来自青藏高原的下地壳流受到四川块体坚硬下地壳的阻挡而转向,通过峨眉山一带向南流动,与第三支通过峨眉山大火成岩省(ELIP)内带(攀枝花一带)向南流动的下地壳流一起,改造了峨眉山大火成岩省中带南部的下地壳,并使地壳增厚。推断青藏高原东南缘连通的下地壳流的南端目前大约在北纬24°附近,并将随着时间的推移向南迁移,即通过下地壳流导致该地区地壳增厚的范围也随时间的推移向南扩展。     

青藏高原东缘岩石圈及软流圈结构

青藏高原东缘岩石圈及软流圈结构的研究是认识该区域地壳上地幔的构造形变及高原内部物质向东运移的重要手段。通过搜集四川区域数字地震台站和野外临时地震台站记录的观测资料,采用接收函数共转换点(CCP)偏移叠加成像方法对青藏高原东缘深部结构研究。研究结果揭示:青藏高原东缘的地壳厚度比四川盆地的地壳厚度大10~20km;在青藏高原东缘与四川盆地的过渡地带,莫霍面处存在大幅度的垂向错断和变形。从青藏高原东缘到四川盆地,岩石圈与软流圈分界面(LAB)显示出深度逐步增加、410km间断面深度则有变浅的趋势。在地壳的下界面和LAB界面间以及LAB界面与410km间断面间也存在多条不连续的分层。青藏高原东缘和四川盆地的LAB界面的下方都有明显的低速层分布,但它们之间存在差别,四川盆地的LAB界面的下方低速层分布较为完整,而青藏高原东缘LAB界面下方的低速层分布中可见离散的高速块体分布。青藏高原东缘与四川盆地深部结构的明显差异,体现了该地区的深部地球动力学背景的复杂性。     

利用H-Kappa方法反演中国地区台站下地壳厚度

近年来,接收函数已经成为一种重要的计算地壳厚度的方法,它是利用直达P波和Moho面转换S波震相的到时和振幅差来反演计算地壳的厚度和速度结构的.本文在传统的接收函数基础上,采用了多次反射波能量扫描求极大值和波形叠加反演的方法(H-Kappa方法).该方法虽然需要较大的数据量,且要求数据的覆盖范围大,但具有能够同时快速准确地计算出地壳厚度H和Kappa值的突出优点.本文计算了中国国家台网记录到的大量震中距满足30°～90°、震级在5.5～7.0的远震P波的接收函数,从中挑选出了2 233个信噪比较高、震相清晰的接收函数进行H-Kappa方法反演.结果表明中国东部台站下方的地壳厚度为33～36 km, 中部地区的地壳厚度为38～45 km, 而青藏高原地区台站下方的地壳厚度则高达73 km左右.总体上看,青藏高原地区的地壳厚度最大,天山、准格尔盆地、内蒙古大部地区次之,中国华南沿海一带地壳厚度更小,呈现出地壳厚度自西到东逐渐减薄的规律.     

南海北部沉积层和地壳内低速层的分布与识别

与构造活动密切相关的低速层一直是地球物理学家关注的焦点,随着我国南海北部海域海底地震仪与海陆联合地震探测的发展,完成的6条测线解释结果初步揭示了该区地壳结构特征,展现了低速层的分布情况．在南海北部共有5处发现速度倒转现象,其中3处发现于莺歌海盆地和珠江口盆地,属于沉积层中的低速层,其特征深度一般为2．0—6．0 km、速度2．5—3．0 km·s~(-1)、厚度为2．0—4．6 km,由于埋深较浅,可以利用折射震相与反射震相相结合的方法辨识低速层．其余2处位于南海东北部与西北部的海陆过渡带处,属于壳内低速层,其特征深度一般为7．0—18．0 km、速度为5．5—6．0 km·s~(-1)、厚度为3．0—6．0 km,由于埋深较大,难以接收到低速层底界面的反射波,而采用低速层走时间断的特性进行辨识．并结合其他学科的研究成果,初步探讨了不同深度低速层的构造成因,为南海形成演化理论提供了科学依据．     

利用接收函数反演龙门山断裂带及邻区深部结构

利用接收函数的方法通过接收震中距30°～90°、震级在5.5以上的远震事件反演龙门山断裂带及其邻区的深部结构,探索汶川地震形成原因。结果表明,扬子地台西缘的莫霍面向西侧倾斜缓降;处在龙门山推覆体范围之内的都江堰、汶川一带莫霍面起伏变化不大,在跨过龙门山中央断裂带后开始下降,向北降至黑水县附近后平缓上升。结合2005年10月至2007年4月远震P波波形资料接收函数反演结果:①2条被动源剖面均显示莫霍面在龙门山推覆体中央位置深度约43km的地方出现不同程度的陡降,说明该断裂带是地壳厚度的陡变带,为扬子地台和松潘甘孜地台的构造边界。②莫霍面深度向南陡降至最深约68km处后平缓上升,向北陡降至最深约58km处后平缓上升。表明松潘-甘孜地块东缘地壳厚度呈南深北浅、东深西浅分布。     

汶川地震的岩石圈深部结构与动力学背景

中国西部地区由于受到印度板块向北推移挤压,青藏高原强烈变形,高原内部及其边缘的活断层上经常发生强烈地震,是大陆内部最活跃的地震区.汶川8级地震就发生在青藏高原东缘的松潘一甘孜地块与扬子地块交界的龙门山主中央断裂带上.作者利用面波层析成像、跨龙门山的被动源地震观测、爆破地震剖面的结果对震源附近的岩石圈结构和动力学特征进行研究,发现松潘一甘孜地块与扬子地块的岩石圈结构与性质有重大差异.扬子地块岩石圈显示为高速、坚固和稳定特性,而松潘-甘孜地块为低速、软弱及易于破碎.在松潘-甘孜地块中,中地壳内普遍存在一个低速层,它是引起中上地亮推覆运动的滑脱层,龙门山的推覆构造就是上部地壳仰冲的结果.汶川地震震源深度为14 km,正好位于龙门山推覆体的映秀-北川主中央断裂带上.     

用人工地震初探川西地区的地壳结构

利用四川渡口及会东的两次矿山爆破的地震波走时进行反演,求得川西地区地壳及上地幔的P波速度结构模型。上地壳厚度约21公里,由中新生界沉积岩、古生界及前寒武系复理石建造和变质褶皱群组成。中地壳厚约14公里为低速层,推测为花岗岩层。下地壳厚约17公里,推测为玄武岩层。上地幔顶部P波速度仅7.8公里/秒。地壳平均厚度在龙门山及金河-箐河以东为52公里,一过断层急剧加深到60公里。证据在明地震活动性与甘孜-楚雄菱形块体上地壳向南南东方向运动有密切关系。     

从远震P波的尾波里分离高信噪比的S波

随着全球宽频地震台的迅速增加,P波接收函数技术已经成为探测地壳上地幔结构的标准工具之一,其基本原理就是从远震记录波形上分离出台站下方的间断面上产生的P_S转换相,从而确定间断面的深度和特性.文章介绍了三分量记录的远震资料经过坐标旋转、反褶积运算后从P波的尾波里分离出S波(P_S转换波)的P波接收函数技术.然而,近地表存在低速沉积层时,可能在接收函数波形里引起强烈的多次振荡相,为此引入了滤波技术消除这些振荡相对来自地壳上地幔速度间断面所产生的P_S转换波及其多次反射波P_pP_S,P_pS_S+P_SP_S的影响.另外,由于来自地壳上地幔速度间断面上产生的P_S转换波及其多次反射波P_pP_S,P_pS_S+P_SP_S是弱信号,文章还引入了相位权重叠加技术以增强P波接收函数的信噪比.     

龙门山逆冲构造带大地电磁测深初步成果

通过对穿过龙门山逆冲构造带中段松潘一中江大地电磁观测资料的处理和反演解释,揭示了松潘-甘孜褶皱带、龙门山及川西前陆盆地30 km深度的地壳电性结构,发现龙门山-松潘地壳15～20 km深部存在西倾连续的壳内商导层,大地电磁测深结果明显显示龙门山深部逆冲推覆构造特征.龙门山深部电性结构初步研究,对于分析其与相邻构造单元的关系,研究青藏高原东缘陆内造山带深部地球动力学过程都具有重要理论意义.     

Lithospheric thermal-rheological structures of the continental margin in the northern South China Sea

Thermal structures of three deep seismic profiles in the continental margin in the northern South China Sea are calculated, their "thermal" lithospheric thicknesses are evaluated based on the basalt dry solidus, and their rheological structures are evaluated with linear frictional failure criterion and power-law creep equation. "Thermal" lithosphere is about 90 km in thickness in shelf area, and thins toward the slope, lowers to 60-65 km in the lower slope, ocean crust and Xisha Trough. In the mid-west of the studied area, the lithospheric rheological structure in shelf area and Xisha Islands is of four layers: brittle, ductile, brittle and ductile. Because of uprising of heat mantle and thinning of crust and lithosphere in Xisha Trough, the bottom of the upper brittle layer is only buried at 16 km. In the eastern area, the bottom of the upper brittle layer in the north is buried at 20 km or so, while in lower slope and ocean crust, the rheological structure is of two layers of brittle and ductile, and crust and uppermost mantle form one whole brittle layer whose bottom is buried at 30-32 km. Analyses show that the characteristics of rheological structure accord with the seismic result observed. The character of rheological stratification implies that before the extension of the continent margin, there likely was a ductile layer in mid-lower crust. The influence of the existence of ductile layer to the evolution of the continent margin and the different extensions of ductile layer and brittle layer should not be overlooked. Its thickness, depth and extent in influencing continent margin's extension and evolution should be well evaluated in building a dynamic model for the area.     

Evidence of crustal ＇channel flow＇ in the eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau from MT measurements

Magnetotelluric （MT） survey has been carried out in the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and its neighboring Shimian-Leshan area, Sichuan Province. Analysis of this MT data reveals that the electric structure of the Tibetan Plateau differ much from that of the Sichuan block. In general, the electric resistivity of crust beneath the Sichuan block in the east is larger than that of the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau in the west. The crust of the plateau is divided into upper, middle, and lower layers. The middle crust is a low resistivity layer with minimum down to 3-10Ωm about 10-15 km thick. It presumably contains partial melt and/or salt-bearing fluids with low viscosity, prone to deform and flow, producing a ＂channel flow＂ under the southeastward squeeze of the eastern Tibetan Plateau. This low-resistivity layer makes the upper crust decoupled mechanically from the lower crust. In the brittle upper crust, faults are dominated by left-lateral strike-slip and thrust motions, leading to surface rising and shallow earthquakes. The low-resistivity layer also cut the Xianshuihe-Anninghe fault zone into two sections vertically. In this region, the thicknesses of upper, middle, and lower crust vary laterally, producing a transitional zone in the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau characterized by thicker crust and higher elevation in the west and thinner crust and lower elevation in the east.     

Crustal P-wave velocity structure in Lower Yangtze region： Reinterpretation of Fuliji-Fengxian deep seismic sounding profile

A deep seismic sounding profile in this paper, from Fuliji in Anhui Province to Fengxian of Shanghai City, is located at eastern China (Fig. 1). The field work was jointly accomplished by the Chinese Geological and Mineral Bureau, the China Seismological …     

A deep seismic sounding profile across the Tianshan Mountains

The deep seismic sounding profile across the Tianshan Mountains revealed a two-layer crustal structure in the Tianshregion, namely the lower and upper crusts. Lateral variations of layer velocity and thickness are evidently shown. Low-velocity layers spread discontinuously at the bottom of the upper crust. The Moho depth is 47 km in the Kuytun area and 50 km in the Xayar area. In the Tianshan Mountains, the Moho becomes deeper with the maximum depth of 62 km around the boundary between the southern and northern Tianshan Mountains. The average velocity ranges from 6.1 to 6.3 km/s in the crust and 8.15 km/s at the top of the upper mantle. Two groups of reliable reflective seismic phases of the Moho (Pm1 and Pm2) are recognized on the shot record section of the Kuytun area. A staked and offset region, 20-30 km long, is displayed within a shot-geophone distance of 190-210 km in Pm1 and Pm2. Calculation shows that the Moho is offset by 10 km in the northern Tianshan region, 62 km deep in the south while 52 km deep in the north, and plunges northwards. In comparison with typical collisional orogenic belts, the structure of the Moho beneath the Tianshan Mountains presents a similar pattern. This can be used to explain the subduction of the Tarim plate towards the Tianshan Mountains. This intracontinental subduction is considered the dynamic mechanism of the Cenozoic uplifting of the Tianshan Mountains. The discovery of seismic phases Pm1 and Pm2 serves as the seismological evidence for the northward subduction of the Tarim plate.     

红河断裂以西大理‒永平地区上地壳各向异性分层特征

对中国地震科学台阵探测项目一期于2011—2013年布设在红河断裂以西大理永平地区的5个流动台站进行横波分裂研究, 分别得到18, 14, 7, 9 和5个横波分裂参数测量结果, 并使用更精确的实际横波路径, 通过过量归一化方法进行改正, 研究该区域各向异性分层特征。结果显示, 研究区上地壳10 km深度之上存在各向异性强度大小相间的3层各向异性层, 其中第2层各向异性强度最小, 厚度为2~2.4 km; 第1层各向异性强度稍强, 厚度为4.1~5.0 km; 第3层各向异性强度最强。各向异性分层特征与前人在该区域的大地电磁测深结果吻合。结合滇西地区地壳中的低速异常、低电阻率和低Q值现象, 认为第3层的强各向异性是地幔物质上涌造成裂隙发育以及热流上传所致。     

Evidence for mechanical coupling and strong Indian lower crust beneath southern Tibet

How surface deformation within mountain ranges relates to tectonic processes at depth is not well understood. The upper crust of the Tibetan Plateau is generally thought to be poorly coupled to the underthrusting Indian crust because of an intervening low-viscosity channel. Here, however, we show that the contrast in tectonic regime between primarily strike-slip faulting in northern Tibet and dominantly normal faulting in southern Tibet requires mechanical coupling between the upper crust of southern Tibet and the underthrusting Indian crust. Such coupling is inconsistent with the presence of active 'channel flow' beneath southern Tibet, and suggests that the Indian crust retains its strength as it underthrusts the plateau. These results shed new light on the debates regarding the mechanical properties of the continental lithosphere, and the deformation of Tibet.     

Deep structure at northern margin of Tarim Basin

In this paper, a 2D velocity structure of the crust and the upper mantle of the northern margin of the Tarim Basin （TB） has been obtained by ray tracing and theoretical seismogram calculation under the condition of 2D lateral inhomogeneous medium using the data of seismic wide angle reflection/refraction profile from Baicheng to Da Qaidam crossing the Kuqa Depression （KD） and Tabei Uplift （TU）. And along the Baicheng to Da Qaidam profile, 4 of the 10 shot points are located in the northern margin of the TB. The results show that the character of the crust is uniform on the whole between the KD and TU, but the depth of the layers, thickness of the crust and the velocity obviously vary along the profile. Thereinto, the variation of the crust thickness mainly occurs in the middle and lower crust. The Moho has an uplifting trend near the Baicheng shot point in KD and Luntai shot point in TU, and the thickness of the crust reduces to 42 km and 47 km in these two areas, respectively. The transition zone between the KD and TU has a thickest crust, up to 52 km. In this transition zone, there are high velocity anoma- lies in the upper crust, and low velocity anomalies in the lower crust, these velocity anomalies zone is near vertical, and the sediment above them is thicker than the other areas. According to the velocity distributions, the profile can be divided into three sections： KD, TU and transition zone between them. Each section has a special velocity structural feature, the form of the crystalline basement and the relationship between the deep structure and the shallow one. The differences of velocity and tectonic between eastern and western profile in the northern margin of the Tarim Basin （NMTB） may suggest different speed and intensity of the subduction from the Tarim basin to the Tianshan orogenic belt （TOB）.     

Numerical simulation of GPS observed clockwise rotation around the eastern Himalayan syntax in the Tibetan Plateau

From Global Position System (GPS) measurements, there is a clockwise rotation around the eastern Himalayan syntax in the Tibetan Plateau. This phenomenon is difficult to be interpreted by simple two-dimensional modeling from a geodynamic point of view. Because of the extremely thick crust and the lower crust with relatively high temperature in the Tibetan Plateau, the lithospheric rheology in Tibet and surrounding areas present a complex structure. In general, the tectonic structure of the Tibetan Plateau consists of brittle upper crust, ductile lower crust, high viscosity lithospheric upper mantle, and low viscosity asthenosphere, the same as the case in many other continental regions. However, the lower crust in the Tibetan Plateau is much more ductile with a lower viscosity than those of its surroundings at the same depth, and the effective viscosity is low along the collision fault zone. In this study, we construct a three-dimensional Maxwell visco-elastic model in spherical coordinate system, and simulate the deformation process of the Tibetan Plateau driven by a continuous push from the Indian plate. The results show that the existence of the soft lower crust under the plateau makes the entire plateau uplift as a whole, and the Himalayas and the eastern Himalayan syntax uplift faster. Since the lower crust of surrounding blocks is harder except in the southeastern corner where the high-temperature material is much softer and forms an exit channel for material transfer, after the whole plateau reaches a certain height, the lower crustal and upper mantle material begins to move eastward or southeastward and drag the upper crust to behave same way. Thus, from the macroscopic point of view, a relative rigid motion of the plateau with a clockwise rotation around the eastern Himalayan syntax is developed. Supported by Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX2-YW-123) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40774048 and 90814014)     

Three-dimensional crustal velocity structure of P-wave in East China from wide-angle reflection and refraction surveys

The 3-D crustal structure of P-wave velocity in East China is studied based on the data obtained by wide-angle seismic reflection and refraction surveys.The results suggest that a deep Moho disconti-nuity exists in the western zone of the study region,being 35―48 thick.High-velocity structure zones exist in the upper crust shallower than 20 km beneath the Sulu and Dabie regions.The cause of high-velocity zones is attributable to high-pressure metamorphic(HPM) and ultra-high-pressure metamorphic(UHPM) terran...