基于水气二相流的稳定饱和-非饱和渗流模拟研究

非饱和带的渗流过程实质上是水、气两种流体在土壤孔隙中相互替代的过程,因此采用水-气二相流模型求解饱和-非饱和渗流问题更加合理.根据水、空气的质量守恒定律和达西定律,结合多相流理论建立水-气二相流模型,采用高效的积分有限差分法求解,给出精确模拟水相、气相边界的处理方法.通过求解Muskat稳定渗流问题得到逸出面长度与解析解基本一致,验证了水气二相流模型的有效性;由孔隙水压力、孔隙气压力和毛细压力的分布可知,稳定渗流中气相的影响几乎可以忽略,而非稳定渗流中气相的影响有待进一步研究.     

降雨条件下非饱和土坡三相流模型的渗流-变形耦合分析

土质边坡降雨入渗的过程中伴随着地下水渗流的推进、孔隙气体迁移和边坡土体变形,因而涉及非饱和土体固-液-气三相耦合的作用.首先基于非饱和土力学基本理论、土-水特征曲线模型,在考虑气相对降雨入渗过程的影响下,建立了考虑孔隙介质可压缩性的二维非饱和土坡固-液-气三相渗流-变形耦合控制方程组.然后利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件的PDE平台,将所建立的耦合控制方程的数值模拟结果与经典Liakopoulos砂柱排水的试验结果进行比较,验证了本文所建立的三相耦合控制方程其正确性.最后对已建好的耦合模型求解分析,对比探讨两相和三相耦合计算模型对渗流场和位移场的影响.模拟结果表明:孔隙水压力随降雨时间的增加而逐渐增大,孔隙气体迁移和土体变形对边坡降雨入渗的推进起阻滞和延缓作用,揭示了固-液-气三相渗流-变形耦合模型能够更真实的反应降雨条件下土坡的变化特征,从而对非饱和土质边坡的灾害预警提供指导作用.     

水-气二相流模型分析水位下降情况的坝坡稳定性

水库水位变化会显著改变坝坡的稳定状态,通过建立水-气二相流模型,模拟库水位下降情况下坝体的饱和-非饱和渗流,为了考虑相态随时间和空间的改变,建立主要变量随相态变化的判断准则.利用模拟结果分析某均质土坝的稳定性,研究表明,库水位下降时,空气对渗流起到阻碍作用,坝体的负孔隙气压力增大,基质吸力对坝坡稳定所起的作用明显增大,在坝坡稳定分析中应当全面考虑空气阻力以及基质吸力的作用.     

降雨条件下边坡各向异性渗流及稳定性的模拟分析

基于饱和-非饱和渗流理论,针对不同的渗透系数异向性比值,以及不同的渗透系数张量主轴方向与水平方向夹角,对降雨条件下边坡地下水渗流场动态变化进行了数值模拟,分析了降雨过程中边坡孔隙水压力分布规律,得到了边坡安全系数随降雨持续时间的变化规律.数值模拟结果表明,土体各向异性渗流对降雨条件下边坡渗流场及安全系数有着显著的影响.     

考虑吸湿和脱湿影响的一维降雨入渗数值模拟

在分析非饱和渗流时,土水特征曲线(SWCC)起着至关重要的作用.吸湿和脱湿条件下的土水特征曲线存在显著的滞后现象,对降雨入渗土体中孔隙水压力的分布有明显影响.采用两种计算模型,运用吸湿和脱湿条件下的土水特征曲线,对一维降雨入渗土体非饱和-饱和-非饱和全过程进行数值模拟,对比分析了计算模型以及吸湿和脱湿,对降雨入渗过程中土体的孔隙水压力分布的影响.     

径向基函数配点法求解边坡降雨瞬态渗流问题

根据土壤水分特征曲线Gardner模式推导线性化非饱和渗流Richard方程,应用无网格法中的多元二次径向基底函数配点法对空间域进行离散,利用龙格库塔法对时间域进行离散. 通过离散点满足控制方程式与边界条件,建立求解非饱和渗流问题的数值模型. 考虑土层组合以及降雨强度,计算分析非饱和无限边坡降雨入渗的瞬态渗流场的变化情况,得到边坡内不同时刻、不同深度的孔隙水压力. 其数值计算结果与解析解相符,较有效地解决了传统数值方法在模拟非饱和土渗流产生的数值病态问题.     

水位变化对路基边坡渗流场及稳定性影响分析

针对蓄滞洪区路基边坡因洪水水位上升、持续、下降这一作用过程导致路基边坡失稳破坏的情况,本研究通过室内模型试验来模拟洪水对路基边坡的作用过程,并结合GEO-Studio（SLOPE/W和SEEP/W耦合）程序建立等效的介质连续模型;基于饱和-非饱和渗流理论及极限平衡法,探究洪区路基边坡在水位变化过程中的孔隙水压力变化、浸润线动态变化以及安全系数变化规律。结果表明：室内试验与模型仿真的孔隙水压力以及体积含水量变化规律一致;涨水阶段浸润线随水位上升而上升,浸泡阶段浸润线向边坡内部发展,退水阶段浸润线随着水位的降低而逐渐下降;水位变化过程中边坡稳定性随水位上升而增加、浸泡阶段稳定性降低、退水阶段稳定性迅速下降。     

考虑气相作用的降雨入渗对非饱和土坡稳定性的影响

为了精细分析降雨入渗对非饱和土坡稳定性的影响,在考虑气相对降雨入渗过程的影响基础上,利用水-气二相流模型模拟入渗水流驱替土壤空气的水-气二相流过程,计算降雨入渗下土坡的孔隙水压力、孔隙气压力、基质吸力和含水量的变化;并建立了同时考虑由有效黏聚力、净法向应力,还有基质吸力引起的强度对边坡稳定的影响的非饱和土坡稳定分析模型．通过算例分析得出：无论是否考虑基质吸力的作用,由于降雨入渗改变了土体的净法向应力和土的容重,使得非饱和土坡的安全系数降低,而后的蒸发作用会使土坡的安全系数有所增大;在相同的渗流条件下,基质吸力的作用使同一滑动面上的安全系数增大．     

降雨诱发双层土坡地下水上升及稳定性分析

降雨入渗使土坡坡体内孔隙水压力增加,水位上升而导致边坡稳定性下降。建立两种双层土坡模型,分别研究在暴雨、大雨和小雨三种情况下坡体内孔隙水压力变化规律;同时分析降雨引起地下水上涨的运动特性及土坡稳定性变化。研究结果表明:不同类型土质边坡在降雨情况下土体孔隙水压力变化规律是不一样的,雨水入渗的深度也不同;降雨过程中,上层为低饱和渗透性土体下层为高饱和渗透性土体的边坡接触面上孔隙水压力比临近土体的孔隙水压力大,这不同于均质边坡。降雨情况下,土体性质和降雨特性对地下水上涨的运动规律和边坡稳定性有重要的影响。     

降雨条件下厚覆盖层边坡的渗流特性

基于实际降雨资料及饱和-非饱和渗流理论,对算例边坡在设计降雨方案条件下的孔隙水压力变化、体积含水率以及暂态饱和区的发展与消散进行时间和空间上的研究。研究结果表明:在降雨过程中边坡表层一定深度内,孔隙水压力逐渐增大,降雨停止后,孔隙水压力缓慢降低;边坡表层体积含水率随着降雨时间的持续逐渐达到饱和含水率,并保持不变;当降雨停止后,体积含水率才开始沿着坡面向下逐渐降低;暂态饱和区是在边坡表层土体达到饱和并形成连通区域后产生的,滞后于孔隙水压力和体积含水率的增大;暂态饱和区在形成的空间顺序上表现为先坡脚及各级台阶处,后边坡坡面,而消散顺序刚好相反。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.