西成铁路寒区主要隧道温度场及防寒设计分析

为探究西成铁路寒区隧道温度场分布规律,依据实测气象资料并考虑热位差对寒区隧道温度场分布的影响,对沿线20座隧道温度场进行了计算分析,归纳总结了寒区隧道洞内温度场分布规律.通过计算可知,隧道围岩径向的冻结深度随着地温增加以及洞外气温升高而减小,气温每降低1℃围岩径向冻结深度增加0.12 m;地温每增加1℃,围岩径向冻结深...     

寒区长大隧道温度实测与仿真

基于现场实测数据对寒区长大隧道内温度的变化规律进行了分析,基于数值仿真分析对不同环境气温、围岩原始地温、自然风速、列车运行速度和频率条件下隧道洞内温度场和冻结深度的变化规律及保温层的适用范围进行了研究.研究结果表明:若环境气温或围岩原始地温低,自然风速大,或列车运行速度大和运行频率高,则洞内可能出现负温分布,所以寒区长大隧道结构防寒不应仅在洞口段;保温层法不能完全解决寒区长大隧道洞口保温问题,当环境气温低于15℃,持续冻结时间超过45d时,需要采取主动保温措施.     

热位差以及洞口净压差影响的寒区隧道温度场研究

为探究寒区隧道温度场分布规律,对国内26座已建成寒区隧道温度场实测数据进行了统计.在考虑隧道进出口高程差引起的超净压差和洞内外温差导致的热位差时,寒区隧道洞内纵向温度场呈不对称分布规律明显,低洞口段洞内纵向负温距离明显高于高洞口段.通过理论分析和数值计算并与实测数据进行对比发现:超净压差以及热位差越大,隧道纵向温度场不对称性分布越明显,且当低洞口端存在大气自然风时隧道纵向温度场不对称性更加突出.     

正盘台隧道洞内空气和围岩温度场分析

基于京张高铁第一长隧道正盘台隧道为研究对象,根据现场实测温度数据,应用ANSYS有限元软件求解计算模型温度场。以热传导方程为理论基础,分析影响隧道温度场的因素,并通过控制变量法计算得出不同工况下正盘台隧道内部温度场的变化规律,为研究隧道内部温度场问题及运营之后的防寒保养工作提供了一定的理论和数据基础。分析结果表明:通过计算值与实测数值的对比可发现,在当地最冷月,隧道内温度呈现"两头低、中间高"的趋势;隧道内围岩的初始温度是影响隧道整体温度场的主要因素,初始温度越高的工况,隧道整体温度越高,冻融圈深度和冻结里程越小,温度每升高5℃,冻结里程减小160 m;环境风速对于隧道进出口1 000 m左右的区间段影响较大,此区域应作为防寒抗冻的重点;冻结时长是影响冻融圈深度的关键因素,冻结时间一个月、两个月、三个月的冻融圈深度为2.1、3、3.6 m。     

冻土单轴抗压试验研究及盾构始发冻结优化设计

为保证浅埋深富水软弱地层的盾构隧道安全始发,采用人工冻结法进行端头加固。通过在室内进行冻土单轴抗压试验,得到可靠的冻土力学参数,并采用正交试验的方法分析冻结深度、冻结宽度和冻结温度对地表沉降和管片拱顶沉降的影响规律和影响程度,选取确定最优冻结加固方案。结果表明：土体冻结温度越低,抗压强度越大;对地表沉降和管片拱顶沉降的影响排序为冻结深度>冻结宽度>冻结温度;最优冻结方案为冻结宽度6m,冻结深度15m,冻结温度-20℃。     

季节性冰冻地区公路路基冻胀融沉过程规律研究

为准确掌握路基结构温度场的分布特点和冻胀融沉过程的变化规律,以季节性冰冻地区典型道路结构路基温度场和变形量的跟踪观测数据为基础,开展了季节性冰冻地区路基温度场分布与冻胀融沉变形量,以及冻结深度三者的规律研究。研究显示:路基温度场分布特性以年为周期呈余弦规律变化,不同深度路基温度变化存在滞后性;根据路基冻结深度变化规律,可将冻结过程划分为四个阶段。在此基础上,基于观测数据,冻胀量和冻结深度分别与地表负积温呈显著正相关,可通过监测冻结深度的变化得到冻胀变形量,降低监测成本及实测难度。     

水-热耦合作用下严寒地区高速铁路隧道温度场分布规律

为研究严寒地区高速铁路隧道修筑后,衬砌背后围岩冻结引发的隧道冻胀病害问题,以吉图珲客运专线榆树川隧道为例,综合考虑水分迁移和冰-水相变潜热对衬砌-围岩热传导的影响,建立了围岩冻结过程中的水-热耦合模型,结合现场实测大气温度,利用有限元法对榆树川隧道温度场进行了计算,得到了严寒地区隧道温度场的分布规律,确定了隧道发生冻结的最不利位置和最不利时间,并建立了隧道最大冻结深度与大气年平均温度之间的关系,分析了保温层对隧道防冻的作用,给出了保温层厚度和导热系数与隧道冻结深度的关系,提出了防止榆树川隧道发生冻结的保温层导热系数和厚度的建议值.     

基于正交试验的高海拔寒区隧道温度场影响因素及防冻措施

为保证高海拔隧道在服役期间内不受冻害破坏,以青沙山隧道为例,模拟分析了高海拔隧道温度场的一般性规律;通过正交试验对影响因素进行敏感性分析;并建立衬砌保温层厚度计算公式及衬砌寿命预测模型.结果表明:海拔较低的洞口处温度较低,进出口压差每增加25 Pa,洞壁温度约下降0.8℃;正交试验得出环境温度、压差和埋深是影响高海拔隧道温度场的主要因素;根据保温模型计算得,当冻结时间30 d,冻结深度1.87 m时,所需保温层厚度为1.6 cm;根据混凝土的冻融循环试验数据提出隧道衬砌寿命预测模型,水灰比0.55、0.45和0.35的抗冻混凝土服役寿命约为25年、58年和98年.     

寒区公路路堑边坡开挖水热耦合模拟

为研究绥大高速公路路堑边坡开挖前后的水热分布特征,利用海伦站气象数据,结合工程现场实际边坡状况,构建考虑各项气候条件的饱和/非饱和瞬态水热耦合数值计算模型,分析边坡开挖前后水分场、温度场的分布特征、冻结深度及不同工况下的差异性影响因素。结果表明：边坡开挖导致水分场大幅改变,3月中旬体积含水量大幅下降,中下旬下降幅度最大为74.61%,占整个非冻结期91.59%;随着埋深的增加,温度波动变化滞后性明显,波动范围呈指数衰减。未开挖土体冻结深度可达1.95 m,开挖边坡最大冻结深度为0.76 m,冻结消融期为31天。不同工况下水分场分布状态不同,体积含水量高低受土体渗透性影响较大。高体积含水量会抑制冻结锋面的推进速度,延迟土体温度变化趋势,不同工况下温度变化差异性受体积含水量影响显著。     

冻结距离对温度场影响的灵敏度分析

人工冻结法凿井中冻结距离对冻结壁温度场的影响范围和影响程度一直未有明确的结论,在冻结工程实测数据的基础上,通过建立附加动量BP网络的灵敏度计算模型,分析得出了不同冻结时间段下不同冻结深度的黏土层和砂层的冻结距离对温度场的影响定量分析结果,对于进一步辨识多圈管冻结壁温度场的计算模型、进行多圈管冻结设计参数的合理选取等具有一定的参考价值。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to