超声速轴对称双锥进气道流场数值模拟研究

超声速轴对称双锥进气道流场数值模拟的控制方程为雷诺平均可压缩纳维尔．斯托克斯（Navier-Stokes）方程,数值格式为二阶迎风格式。对弹用双锥进气道流场进行了数值模拟,得到了清晰的流场结构。数值计算结果显示：进气道在来流马赫数为2．5时有较高的总压恢复系数,但是流量系数较低,来流马赫数为3时总压恢复系数有所降低,但流量系数增加较快,此时进气道仍然工作正常。说明双锥进气道能够满足冲压增程炮弹的使用要求。     

双S弯进气道锤激波动态特性研究

发动机喘振产生的瞬时高压引起的进气道内锤激波载荷是飞机进气道结构强度设计的关键因素之一。通过对飞行器进行内外流一体化非定常三维数值计算,分析双S弯进气道内锤激波三维流场非定常特性的演化过程,研究了不同马赫数,不同超压比对双S弯进气道锤激波载荷的影响。研究表明：锤激波经过进气道弯道时,弯道外侧流场压力远大于内侧;锤激波离开进气道入口后,进气道内流场经过数个周期逐渐恢复至初始状态;相同进气道反压时,来流马赫数越小,锤激波在进气道内部传播速度越快,且进气道内部压力系数峰值越大;相同来流马赫数下,随着超压比的增大,锤激波在进气道内部传播速度加快,进气道内部压力系数峰值增大。     

冲压发动机外压式二元进气道优化设计与流场分析

介绍了冲压发动机外压式二元进气道设计方法,基于ModelCenter软件平台,使用遗传算法对外压段压缩楔角进行了优化设计,得到最佳的总压恢复系数;并使用有限体积法、 SST湍流模型对所设计的二元外压式进气道设计状态和非设计状态进行了数值模拟,分析了出口反压及来流马赫数对进气道流场的影响。结果表明,随着反压的增加,进气道结尾正激波位置前移,进气道总压恢复系数增加,出口马赫数减小;随着来流马赫数的增加,进气道总压恢复系数显著降低。     

进气道出口可压缩附面层测量及其参数计算方法研究

为测量飞机进气道出口的可压缩附面层,在分析所需测量参数及探讨附面层参数计算方法的基础上,研制了附面层总压测量耙、总温测量耙。通过在公用测量段上安装附面层测量耙,对某飞机进气道在某高速风洞中进行了不同马赫数、攻角、侧滑角组合的吹风试验。17种组合工况的试验及计算结果表明:研制的附面层总压及总温测量耙应用效果较好;附面层参数计算方法准确,拟合后的附面层速度分布较为合理;该方法能够用于测量和评定进气道出口的可压缩附面层。     

飞机进气道流场品质测量耙风洞校准试验研究

以某型飞机飞行试验为应用背景,研制了基于动态、稳态压力、总温参数集成测试的大尺寸进气道畸变测量耙,适用于不同飞行条件下对发动机进口流场品质、流量的测量,为分析和评估进气畸变条件下发动机工作稳定性提供数据依据。为了评估和验证新式测量耙角度、速度测量特性以及参数测量的精确度,进行了全尺寸量级的进气道测量耙风洞校准试验;并对试验数据进行了分析和研究。研究结果表明:在马赫数0.2~0.6,姿态角-20°~20°范围内,耙体压力测量相对误差小于0.5%,能够满足对大涵道比涡扇发动机进口流场品质和流量的测试技术需求。     

气体对于超声波流量计影响及其修正的实验研究

超声波流量计在测量液体流量时,往往要求管内是充满状态,但在实际应用中,常常出现液体中含有气体,从而造成测量偏差。为了能够修正该偏差,提出了多传感器组合使用,进行修正的方法。对管道中充满液体时,使用FDT—21超声波手持流量计进行流量标定;在含有气体状态下,使用38 k Hz的超声波发射及接收装置,测量不同含气量研究不同安装方式对于含气流量的测量影响,从而实现含气状态下水平管道中流量的修正。结果表明:水平管道液体流动时,含气会对超声波流量计测量结果造成误差,通过适当的修正方法可实现超声波流量计流量的测量,偏差大约在2%左右。     

增压状态下汽油机进气道性能评价及流通特性分析

针对某增压汽油机开发过程中进气道性能评价问题,建立了三维稳态及瞬态仿真模型,研究了增压状态下进气道无量纲流量系数、总体流量、缸内流动及喉口流速的变化规律．结果表明：随着进气压差的增大,气道无量纲流量系数明显降低,最大降幅达11％,但总体流量仍呈增长趋势;增压以后,气流速度大幅提升,大气门升程下,气门阀座处产生分离涡旋运动,加剧缸内扰动,有利于加快燃烧速度,降低爆震倾向;同时,气道流通截面流速增大,最高进气马赫数为0．46,处于安全范围．综合各项数据,判定该气道性能满足增压机型需求．     

螺旋桨运输机进气道阻力特性分析

以某型螺旋桨运输机带动力装置飞行试验台为研究对象，建立了三维流场模型，采用CFD进行了网格划分及数值计算。以前期飞行试验数据和发动机热力循环模型计算结果为边界条件，开展了不同飞行马赫数、高度及桨叶角的数值计算。选用桨叶角表征发动机状态，分析了不同飞行高度、马赫数、螺旋滑流对进气道前罩作用力和附加前体力影响的变化规律。计算结果表明：不同高度、桨叶角及马赫数均会改变进气道阻力，在马赫数0.5，高度4 km状态下，桨叶角由40°增大至50°，前罩作用力减小1 700 N，附加前体力减小3 600 N,而附加前体力系数及前罩作用力系数随飞行高度基本不变。进气道阻力特性研究为后续试飞中确定涡桨发动机外部阻力特性分析提供了数据支持。     

柴油机气道进气流动特性及进气门杆形状对其影响分析

建立某RD190柴油机螺旋进气道稳态CFD模拟计算模型,对其流动特性进行研究,分析得到了气道流量系数和涡流比、柴油机的外特性结果,并采用CFD模拟分析了进气门杆形状对进气流动的影响.研究结果表明:随着截面比的增加,平均流量系数和平均涡流比均为先增大后减小,当截面比在0.28~0.30时,进气道平均流量系数相对原方案值变化不大,而平均涡流比最大增加了9.98%.     

流量比对气膜冷却叶片表面换热系数的影响

为深入了解某型涡轮叶栅进口导叶叶片的换热规律,采用瞬态液晶技术测量了无气膜孔叶片和带气膜孔叶片在不同流量比下的表面换热系数,通过对比分析,研究了气膜出流和流量比变化对叶片表面换热的影响.实验中叶栅通道来流雷诺数为108 000,叶片气膜出流与叶栅通道来流的质量流量比为0、3.46%、4.61%、5.77%、6.93%、8.08%、9.23%.实验测量获得了无气膜叶片中截面的压力分布曲线,以及各流量比下叶片表面的换热系数分布云图及其平均值线图.研究结果表明:叶片吸力面存在气流流动分离;气膜出流使得分离点位置提前,并且缩短了分离再附着的过渡区域;气膜出流使叶片前缘、压力面和吸力面气膜孔区域的换热系数大幅升高,但对吸力面分离点后区域的换热影响不大;在实验工况范围内,气膜出流流量比越大,换热系数越高.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.