用混合燃烧模型研究缸内直喷醇类燃料发动机的燃烧

通过引入湍流燃烧延迟系数，将单步不可逆反应模型和漩涡破碎燃烧模型结合在一起，建立了一个新的混合燃烧模型．利用混合燃烧模型对一台采用火花点火、缸内直喷、周向分层燃烧系统的醇类燃料发动机的燃烧过程进行了三维数值模拟，计算所得的缸内压力和燃烧放热速率与实验结果吻合良好．模拟结果表明，在缸内直喷醇类燃料发动机中，混合气能稳定地实现由浓到稀的周向分层，醇类燃料高的汽化潜热导致混合气温度较低，燃烧过程中预混燃烧与扩散燃烧并存，燃烧速率非常快．     

高温低氧燃烧炉内等温流场特性的数值分析

应用自行开发出的计算程序对高温低氧燃烧模型实验炉进行了三维等温流场的数值模拟·在燃料和空气的射流速度比分别取 3种不同值时 ,预报了炉内 3种典型的等温流场结构 ,分析了炉内多股射流间的相互作用及回流流动等流场特性·模拟结果表明 :在几何参数一定时 ,选择燃料和空气的射流速度比为同一数量级时 ,炉内的回流流动可以实现燃烧所需的低氧气氛 ,燃气射流能够利用这一低氧气氛实现高温低氧燃烧·数值预报结果与相关的实验观测基本符合·     

大湿度旋流扩散燃烧的变工况特性

采用湍流雷诺应力微分模型和层流小火焰模型，对湿空气透平(HAT)带旋流器的燃烧室内甲烷扩散燃烧过程进行了数值模拟．对比了在加湿[200g／kg(DA)]和不加湿情况下，不同入口条件时[(304kPa，430K)，(507kPa，510K)，(709kPa，565K)，(912kPa，612K)]的燃烧室内部温度、速度以及NO组分分布的情况，分析了不同入口条件及湿度对HAT循环燃烧室扩散燃烧特性的影响．研究表明，随着入口空气压力的提高，回流区减小，回流中心位置前移，燃烧区最高温度增加，NO浓度增大；随着入口湿度增大，回流区减小，回流中心位置前移，燃烧区最高温度明显下降，NO浓度明显下降．结果表明，加湿燃烧可以降低污染物的排放，有利于燃烧室轴线尺寸的缩小．     

37mmRLPG再生喷射燃烧过程的实验与模拟

该文介绍了针对直孔活塞式３７ｍｍＲＬＰＧ再生喷射燃料过程进行实验测量和数值模拟研究所取得的结果及其分析。数值模拟中重点考虑了４种雾化和燃烧模型对模拟上述燃烧过程的适用性，它们是瞬态燃烧模型，单液滴模型，喷射雾化模型及雾化直径的燃烧室压力函数模型。     

EDC模型在三维燃烧流场数值模拟的应用

采用涡耗散概念(EDC)模型,对等离子发生器内三维湍流燃烧流场进行数值模拟.燃料采用甲烷.在数值模拟时,湍流模型采用RNG模型,欧姆热电弧用等效热弧代替.数值模拟结果得出了在空气过量系数α<1情况下的流场特性参数和产物分布.通过对数值模拟结果的分析,实现了EDC模型对多步化学反应的模拟和对活性物质的预测,并为优化设计等离子发生器结构,更好地组织燃烧流场提供了依据.     

矩形弯管中非预混湍流燃烧的数值模拟

对C3H8/空气在弯管燃烧器中的非预混湍流燃烧进行数值模拟,湍流模型采用RNGk-ε模型,燃烧模型采用守恒标量的概率密度函数(probability density function,PDF)模型,辐射模型为离散坐标(discrete ordinate,DO)模型,压力和速度项的耦合采用SIMPLE算法.在燃料丙烷入口速度不变的情况下,改变空气入口的速度,进行5种工况的模拟.模拟结果表明:随着入口空气速度的增大,燃料和氧化剂分子混合更均匀,燃烧速率升高,燃料浓度迅速减小,温度场高温区提前,火焰空间速度场整体速度增加,湍流强度增强,径向压力梯度增大.由此,可以通过控制空气入口的速度,控制火焰空间速度场速度的大小以及燃烧进行的程度.考虑到提高燃烧效率的问题,在保证燃料充分燃烧的情况下,尽量减少空气入口的速度,以达到工业目的.     

氢燃料微预混火焰燃烧不稳定性实验研究

该文针对一种自主设计的氢燃料微预混燃烧器，开展了常压下掺氢甲烷燃料微预混火焰燃烧不稳定性实验研究。从纯甲烷到纯氢气，研究了不同氢含量下NO_x排放、动态压力、火焰结构等燃烧特性，结果表明：该预混燃烧器具有较优异的低排放燃烧性能，可适应较宽氢含量燃料并实现稳定燃烧，其中纯氢燃料在绝热火焰温度1 850 K时NO_x不高于5μmol/mol(干基，15%O₂摩尔浓度);在氢含量为10%和20%时，氢燃料微预混火焰出现振荡燃烧现象，且激发更高阶的谐波；在更高氢含量下微混火焰出现高频脉动，但幅值较低。利用本征正交分解(proper orthogonal decomposition, POD)方法对振荡工况进行分析，提取其模态的时间系数和空间分布特征，发现一阶模态都表现为与整体脉动主频相同的体积振荡，二阶模态都表现为轴向脉动，脉动频率是主频的2倍。随着氢含量进一步升高，轴向模态渐渐转变为火焰间相互作用。     

LPG浓度对DME/LPG混合燃料HCCI燃烧的影响

通过分析二甲醚（DME）与液化石油气（LPG）的化学反应机理，构建了反映DME／LPG混合燃料均质压燃（HCCI）燃烧的化学反应机理．采用该机理应用单区燃烧模型对DME／LPG混合燃料HCCI燃烧的化学反应动力学过程进行了数值计算，模拟研究了混合燃料中LPG浓度对HCCI燃烧的影响．计算结果与试验结果对比表明，所构建的DME／LPG混合燃料氧化的化学反应机理能够准确预测DME／LPG混合燃料的两阶段放热特性，对低温和高温着火始点的预测很好．模拟结果显示，改变DME／LPG混合燃料中LPG的浓度可以控制HCCI着火和燃烧；在DME中添加LPG可以拓宽发动机的负荷运行范围．     

高温空气燃烧技术改造均热炉方案研究

系统研究了高温空气燃烧技术改造均热炉的各种方案 .提出这种新型燃烧技术必须充分考虑系统布置、炉膛结构、炉内烟气流动及传热过程、工件加热工艺过程等因素 .通过大量的数值模拟试验 ,发现在各种改造方案的入炉热量与原均热炉相等的情况下 ,当空气、燃气温度分别被预热到 12 73K和 10 73K时 ,炉内的最高温度相对较低 ,而炉内平均温度相对较高 ;温度分布不均匀系数Rtu从 33.18降到了 18.0 0左右 .在空气预热温度相同情况下 ,燃气预热温度越高 ,NOx 排放量越大 .最后 ,提出了均热炉燃烧系统的改造方案 ,并进行了非稳态燃烧过程数值模拟研究 .     

一种新的拟序火焰模型及其KPP分析

从以Ｐｏｉｎｓｏｔ直接数值模拟结果为基础的拟序火焰模型（ＣｏｈｅｒｅｎｔＦｌａｍｅＭｏｄｅｌ）出发,使用分形几何的方法,提出一个新的火焰面积密度的汇项,以此建立了一个新的拟序火焰模型．在一维稳定湍流预混燃烧的情况下,对该模型进行了ＫＰＰ分析,得到了湍流燃烧速度的分析解．将得到的结果与原模型及Ａｂｄｅｌ－Ｇａｙｅｄ等人的实验数据进行比较．结果表明,该模型在不同过量空气系数、不同湍流强度下求得的湍流燃烧速度都与实验结果能较好地吻合,因而是成功的．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to