PA2200粉末选择性激光烧结工艺参数优化

采用选择性激光烧结(SLS)技术对PA2200粉末材料进行烧结试验,研究激光功率、扫描间距和扫描速率对成形件的尺寸精度和弹性模量的影响,通过全面试验设计法进行工艺参数优化。结果表明,最优工艺参数组合为激光功率40 W、扫描速率3 000 mm/s、扫描间距0.4 mm,此时成形件的X向尺寸相对偏差为-0.5%、Y向尺寸相对偏差为-0.5%、Z向尺寸相对偏差为1.2%、弹性模量为1 589.61 MPa。利用显微镜对成形件表面进行观察,发现PA2200粉末熔化均匀,颗粒之间黏接效果较好,孔隙较小,致密度高,验证了该组工艺参数的有效性。     

高分子材料SLS中次级烧结实验

针对选择性激光烧结(SLS)成形中次级烧结严重影响成形件精度的问题,分析了次级烧结的形成原因,通过聚苯乙烯、尼龙12及玻璃微珠填充尼龙12三种典型的烧结材料,对SLS成形过程中影响次级烧结的因素进行了实验研究.结果表明"次级烧结是由于已烧结部分向其周围的松散粉末传热,使其达到结块温度而引起的,主要表现在烧结件轮廓模糊和尺寸变大.提高预热温度和激光能量密度都会增大次级烧结,而通过添加高熔点的无机填料可以降低次级烧结,半结晶性高分子材料由于存在熔融潜热,次级烧结明显低于非结晶性高分子材料.     

SLS工艺参数对Al2O3/SiO2/ZrO2复合陶瓷烧结质量的影响

针对复合陶瓷材料Al2O3/SiO2/ZrO2脆性大难加工等问题,结合选择性激光烧结(SLS)工艺成形复合陶瓷粉末,采用Nd:YAG激光器及其送粉装置进行激光烧结试验.利用扫描电镜(SEM)、能量色散X射线光谱仪(EDX)和X射线衍射分析仪(XRD)观察了成形件的微观组织并分析了微观组织成分.探讨了激光烧结的主要工艺参数对单层烧结质量的影响及扫描速度对显微结构的影响.结果表明:采用正交试验方法系统地分析了工艺过程,获得最佳工艺参数为扫描速度15mm/s、激光功率40W、搭接量04mm,得到了气孔较少、密度372g/cm3的烧结表面,能够烧结出致密并具有枝状组织的陶瓷.     

选择性激光烧结复合粉末法制造合金零件

通过混合Fe,Ni,C单质和粘接剂粉末配制了选择性激光烧结(SLS)用复合粉末,并利用间接SLS方法制备了复合粉末毛坯.经过脱脂、高温烧结和渗铜处理,制造了致密的渗铜Fe-Ni-C合金材料.对零件毛坯的成型与后处理工艺及合金的微观组织和机械性能进行了研究.结果表明:高温烧结中Ni和C能够通过固态扩散固溶到-γFe中,且合金元素分布均匀;合金经900℃固溶并在330℃等温处理1 h后,室温下由下贝氏体组织、沉淀析出的-αCu和Fe-Ni构成;合金材料的极限拉伸强度超过350 MPa,延伸率小于4%.     

一种新的线扫描快速成型工艺方法

一种新的线扫描选择性激光烧结快速成型(SLSRP)方法可以提高对大工件的加工质量．它与一般振镜点扫描完全不同．它使用柱面透镜组将CO2激光器输出的圆光束改变为扇形光束,从点(0．14mm)到最大线长(40mm)实现无级变长以适应烧结层面的几何形状．保证不同长度激光线上的功率密度恒定并满足在30mm／s的扫描速度下对各种有机粉末材料进行有效烧结．应用实践证明这种线扫描工艺的加工质量尤其是对大工件的加工质量优于振镜点扫描的工艺方法,可以很大地扩展SLS RP工艺的应用范围．     

基于正交试验的SLS工艺参数多指标优化

由于选择性激光烧结技术复杂的成型机理,其诸多工艺参数对制件精度都有很大的影响,且同一工艺参数对制件精度不同指标的影响程度也不同.基于正交试验法,通过对高分子材料的SLS试验,研究了烧结层厚、加热温度、激光功率等3个工艺参数对制件形状精度和尺寸精度的影响规律,并运用多指标综合平衡法,确定最优的SLS工艺参数组合方案,对提高SLS制件的综合质量具有指导意义.     

选择性激光烧结系统精确控温方法研究

针对选择性激光烧结(SLS)工作缸内温度场不均匀和测温不准确的问题.根据HRP-Ⅳ型快速成形机建立了管式加热辐射系统数学模型,模拟加热管安装位置,计算工作区内各点角系数,并引入均匀度系数和最大偏差率两个指标来评价温度场均匀性和测温精度,同时对模拟状态进行实验分析.结果表明合理选择加热管安装位置和测温点可有效提高温度场均匀性和温度测量精度,最终实现SLS精确控温.在本研究条件下,温控误差在2 ℃以内,零件成形精度误差小于0.2 mm,且无翘曲变形.     

激光选区烧结多孔堇青石陶瓷微观结构及性能

针对传统加工方式复杂结构多孔堇青石陶瓷零件难成形问题,提出采用激光选区烧结(SLS)成形复杂宏观多孔堇青石(2MgO·2Al_2O_3·5SiO_2)陶瓷,利用高温烧结对有机粘结剂的烧损作用成形微观多孔,以获得宏、微观孔并存结构.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)表征SLS成形陶瓷的微观形貌及相特征,并研究SLS工艺及高温烧结温度对陶瓷强度及孔隙率的影响规律.SEM结果显示:SLS成形的多孔陶瓷初坯存在大量不规则孔隙,经过高温烧结后孔隙因为有机粘结剂的分解而增多,然后随高温烧结温度的升高孔隙逐渐减少.XRD分析结果表明:堇青石经SLS和高温烧结温度1 400℃以下时其相组成无明显改变,高于1 450℃时,出现部分分解,得到MgO相.SLS初坯抗压强度达1.54MPa,经1 400℃高温烧结4h其强度达到13.77 MPa.最后,应用优化工艺成形出传统工艺难以制造的复杂多孔堇青石陶瓷.     

热像仪建立覆膜砂SLS过程激光能量输入模型研究

利用热像仪,通过计算机自动控制,对覆膜砂选择性激光烧结(SLS)过程的温度场进行了测定和研究,避开了使用传统测温方法的各种干扰及缺点. 通过对热像仪测温结果的研究,确定了覆膜砂SLS成型的合适的工艺参数范围:扫描速度10 mm/s,激光功率16～20 W. 根据热像仪测温结果,结合ANSYS数值模拟计算,建立了覆膜砂SLS过程的激光能量输入模型. 该模型考虑了扫描过程中激光与覆膜砂相互作用的因素,用于预测不同的工艺参数对覆膜砂SLS成型过程的影响,为进一步分析各种成型工艺变化对覆膜砂固结效果的影响,以及激光快速成型工艺的计算机优化奠定了基础.     

SLS/CIP/HIP制造微量FeB+AISI304零件

为解决间接选择性激光烧结(SLS)金属零件致密度低与力学性能差等问题.提出将冷等静压技术(CIP)、高温烧结与热等静压技术(HIP)引入SLS.通过排水法结合SEM显微形貌与拉伸性能测试等方法,探讨了在SLS/CIP/HIP过程中高温烧结温度对微量FeB+AISl304 SLS零件致密度影响,微量FeB对其致密度、金相组织与力学性能作用等.结果表明,随烧结温度升高,高温烧结后微量FeB+AISl304 SLS零件致密度逐渐增加;当FeB质量分数从0.5%增加到5%时,其致密度逐渐增加,但是,晶界处a-Fe和Fe2B共晶与Ni和Ni3B共晶增多,导致其力学性能逐渐恶化,其中,当FeB质量分数为0.5%时,其致密度、弹性模量、屈服强度、拉伸强度和延伸率分别达到98.1%,209 GPa,338 MPa,527.36 MPa和8%.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to