郑408块火烧油层物理模拟研究

为了准确认识郑408块先导试验区的火驱动态,并深入研究敏感性稠油油藏火烧驱油机理,研制了新型一维火烧驱油物理模拟实验装置。采用郑408块地层岩心和地层原油进行了室内火烧油层物理模拟实验。结果表明,郑408块油藏点火温度为365~375℃,火烧前缘推进速度与注气强度呈正相关,在充分注气燃烧条件下,地层不会出现结焦现象;火烧之后岩石矿物组分改变有利于储层渗透性能的改善,但变化不大。实验证据显示,在燃烧带前缘存在高含油饱和度带,在该区域压降较其他区域集中。     

火烧开发现场动态跟踪分析

通过数值模拟对胜利油田郑408-20井组的火驱现状进行分析,并预测未来5 a开发动态指标。计算结果表明:郑408-20试1油层较厚,注气量偏小,顶部油层由于气体的上浮作用气蹿现象更严重,造成了单井产量较低;通过增加注气量、转湿、控制水气比等开发方案的调整,水气比为1.3 kg/m3时,预测5 a后地层压力约为9 MPa,地层温度有所降低,水蒸气把已燃区内的热量带到了燃烧前缘,火烧前缘已经接近生产井,累积产油量为30.86 kt,采出程度达到14.59%。     

从室内实验看火驱辅助重力泄油技术风险

将水平井引入特、超稠油油藏火烧油层技术中,可以实现火驱辅助重力泄油,其原理类似于水平井条件下的蒸汽辅助重力泄油（SAGD）。与SAGD相比,火驱辅助重力泄油技术对操作程序的要求更为苛刻,油藏和工程风险更大。室内三维物理模拟实验表明,在直井做为注气点火井、水平井做为火驱生产井时,可以实现连续稳定泄油,并能有效提高储层纵向动用程度。但如果注采关系控制失当,特别是在火驱中后期,有可能出现燃烧前缘沿着水平井突进的现象,会在地层中形成大范围死油区并可能损毁水平井段,带来油藏和工程风险     

海上稠油火烧油层物理模拟实验研究

为探索海上稠油火烧油层开发的可行性,针对渤海稠油油藏开展了火烧油层物理模拟实验。根据石油沥青组分测定法,分析渤海稠油原油组分;通过热失重与扫描量热同步热分析仪测试活化能等高温氧化反应动力学参数;采用一维燃烧管实验模拟评价燃烧稳定性及驱油效果。研究结果表明,渤海稠油组分特征与国内陆上油田相似;稠油高温氧化活化能为157 kJ/mol,与陆上油田相近;油藏火驱前缘推进稳定,燃烧前缘最高温度773 K左右,出口CO₂浓度长期稳定在12%以上,高温氧化燃烧状态良好;火烧驱油效率95.1%,空气油比548 m³/t,驱油效果较好。研究成果为海上稠油油藏火烧油层开发提供技术支持。     

火烧油层干式燃烧数值模拟及参数敏感性分析

利用数值模拟技术对室内燃烧管干式燃烧实验进行了拟合，研究了燃烧管内干式燃烧的动态查化特征，并且进行了参数敏感性分析。以辽河油田欢127块为例，初步设计了该块25—33井组的注气速度。结果表明，网格尺寸的选取应与燃烧带尺寸相当；增加燃烧反应的频率因子、降低活化能、增大注气速度，会加快燃烧反应，增加产液量；油藏初始温度对火烧油层驱油效果影响较大，而油藏初始压力则影响较小。初步设计25—33井组的注气速度为70000m^3／d。     

火烧油层干式燃烧数值模拟及参数敏感性分析

利用数值模拟技术对室内燃烧管干式燃烧实验进行了拟合,研究了燃烧管内干式燃烧的动态变化特征,并且进行了参数敏感性分析。以辽河油田欢127块为例,初步设计了该块25-33井组的注气速度。结果表明,网格尺寸的选取应与燃烧带尺寸相当;增加燃烧反应的频率因子、降低活化能、增大注气速度,会加快燃烧反应,增加产液量;油藏初始温度对火烧油层驱油效果影响较大,而油藏初始压力则影响较小。初步设计25-33井组的注气速度为70 000 m3/d。     

含油饱和度对火驱开发影响的实验研究

在室内利用火烧油层物理模拟实验装置,开展了稠油油藏不同含油饱和度条件下燃烧基础参数测试和火驱开发效果评价实验研究。实验结果表明,同一油品条件下,含油饱和度对门槛温度、燃料消耗量和空气耗量等燃烧基础参数影响较小,但对火线推进速率有较大影响,火线前缘推进速率随含油饱和度增加而降低;实验条件下能够实现高温燃烧的最低含油饱和度界限值为15%,低于该含油饱和度无法形成持续稳定的火驱前缘。从驱油效率和空气油比指标评价了不同含油饱和度条件下火驱的驱油效果,综合分析认为火驱开发含油饱和度下限值为30%。     

乐安油田注汽后火烧油层开发参数敏感性研究

火烧油层开发效果的影响因素很多 ,但在油藏条件一定的情况下 ,可通过分析开发参数的敏感性并设计其合理值来提高火驱的经济效益。以乐安油田火烧试验区为例 ,在注蒸汽热采历史拟合及蒸汽驱预测的基础上 ,利用工程计算及数值模拟方法 ,研究了射孔层位、射开厚度、注气速度、燃烧方式、转湿烧时机、湿烧水气比等参数对火烧效果的影响 ,分析了火烧前缘推进速度 ,优选了开发参数。结果表明 ,底层射孔可减轻火线超覆 ,射开厚度大可提高地层吸气能力。由空气油比和采收率来确定分阶段变速率注气开采效果较好 ,最大注气速度为 80 0 0 0m3 /d。湿式燃烧能提高采收率 ,降低空气油比 ,其合理的转湿时机为燃烧距离达到 2 5 % ,水气比为 2 .0kg/m3 。预测结果与实际结果吻合较好 ,为火驱试验的现场实施提供了理论依据。     

乐安油田注汽后火烧油层开发参数敏感性研究

火烧油层开发效果的影响因素很多，但在油藏条件一定的情况下，可通过分折开发参数的敏感性并设计其合理值来提高火驱的经济效益。以乐安油田火烧试验区为例，在注蒸汽热采历史拟合及蒸汽驱预测的基础上，利用工程计算及数值模拟方法，研究了射孔层位、射开厚度、注气速度、燃烧方式、转湿烧时机、湿烧水气比等参数对火烧效果的影响，分析了火烧前线推进速度，优选了开发参数。结果表明，底层射孔可减轻火线超覆，射开厚度大可提高地层吸气能力。由空气油比和采收率来确定分阶段变速率注气开采效果较好，最大注气速度为80000m^3／d。湿式燃烧能提高采收率，降低空气油比，其合理的转湿时机为燃烧距离达到25％，水气比为2．0kg／m^3。预测结果与实际结果吻合较好，为火驱试验的现场实施提供了理论依据。     

强水敏稠油油藏CO2吞吐技术研究

郑408块为典型的强水敏稠油油藏,由于储层能量不足和水敏性强,采用天然能量开发、注防膨水开发和蒸汽吞吐开发效果较差。通过室内实验研究了CO2在郑408原油中的溶解作用,认识了CO2吞吐回采阶段渗流特征,基于数值模拟方法优化得到了郑408块CO2吞吐开发方案。研究表明,CO2溶于稠油后,可使稠油的体积大幅度膨胀,原油黏度将大大降低;CO2吞吐回采阶段,由于稠油黏度较高,CO2在原油中析出后以小气泡形式分散在原油中,形成"泡沫油"渗流状态,"泡沫油"可以提高稠油的流动能力,增加原油的弹性能量,降低地层压力下降速度;数值模拟结果表明,郑408块CO2吞吐周期注入量优化值为100 t,注气速度优化值为50 t/d。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.