水平井体积压裂基质-裂缝渗流规律分析

为了揭示水平井体积压裂流体渗流特征和优化裂缝参数,基于流体在基质改造区、未改造区、裂缝中的渗流特征,建立了一种新的水平井基质-裂缝流动模型,利用修正贝塞尔函数求得模型解析解,与现有模型和数值结果对比,验证了模型可靠性。研究了缝间距、导流能力、缝长和基质渗透率对流体渗流的影响。结果表明,缝间距越大,渗流距离越长,未改造区越大,渗流阻力越大;施工液量恒定时,产量随缝长的增加呈先增加后减小的趋势;基质渗透率越小,裂缝越趋近为无限导流裂缝。相比于改造区渗透率,裂缝之间未改造区渗透率对产量的影响更大。     

致密气藏3D裂缝压裂水平井非稳态渗流分析

综合考虑压裂后裂缝未完全穿透地层厚度及致密气藏应力敏感性基础上,建立了致密气藏多段压裂水平井非稳态渗流模型,通过Laplace变换和无限傅立叶余弦变换得到了该模型半解析解。计算结果表明,致密气藏流体流动可划分为6个流动阶段,分别为早期线性流、早期拟径向流、过渡阶段线性流、过渡阶段拟径向流、拟稳态窜流和晚期拟径向流;应力敏感性主要影响晚期流动阶段,包括过渡阶段拟径向流、拟稳态窜流和晚期拟径向流;应力敏感系数γ越大,在晚期流动阶段压力和压力导数曲线"上翘"得越高;在早期渗流阶段,2D裂缝与3D裂缝压力导数曲线不重合,3D裂缝具有"球形流"渗流特征;垂向渗透率越小,"球形流"渗流特征表现得越明显;在垂向渗透率相同的情况下,穿透比越小,压力导数曲线上"球形流"特征越明显。     

裂缝性油气藏压裂水平井试井分析

利用Green函数源函数法,通过镜像映射和叠加原理得到裂缝性油气藏水平井多段压裂改造后地层中任意一点的压力解。首先推导顶底封闭四周无限大、盒状及定压条件下单条裂缝生产时地层中任意一点在拉氏空间的压力计算公式,并假设水平井井筒无限导流,进一步建立水平井多段压裂改造后井底压力求解方法。基于Stehfest数值反演得到考虑井筒存储和表皮系数影响的水平井井底压力解。对不同边界条件下井底压力及压力导数的双对数曲线进行分析,并分析压裂裂缝参数对井底压力响应的影响。结果表明:压裂水平井存在压裂裂缝线性流、压裂裂缝径向流、地层线性流、系统径向流及边界影响五种流动阶段;同时由于油藏为双重介质油藏,所以还存在基质系统向裂缝系统的窜流;裂缝条数越多,生产相同的时间时井底无因次压降越小,但当压力波传到边界后裂缝条数不再对流动造成明显影响;裂缝半长会影响压裂裂缝径向流出现的时间及地层线性流之前的压降,且压裂裂缝越长,压裂裂缝径向流出现的时间越晚,生产相同的时间所需要的无因次压降越小;裂缝间距会影响裂缝径向流结束的时间,且缝距越小,裂缝径向流持续的时间越短。现场应用结果证明了模型的正确性。     

裂缝性油气藏压裂水平井试井分析

利用Green函数源函数法,通过镜像映射和叠加原理得到裂缝性油气藏水平井多段压裂改造后地层中任意一点的压力解。首先推导顶底封闭四周无限大、盒状及定压条件下单条裂缝生产时地层中任意一点在拉氏空间的压力计算公式,并假设水平井井筒无限导流,进一步建立水平井多段压裂改造后井底压力求解方法。基于Stehfest数值反演得到考虑井筒存储和表皮系数影响的水平井井底压力解。对不同边界条件下井底压力及压力导数的双对数曲线进行分析,并分析压裂裂缝参数对井底压力响应的影响。结果表明:压裂水平井存在压裂裂缝线性流、压裂裂缝径向流、地层线性流、系统径向流及边界影响五种流动阶段;同时由于油藏为双重介质油藏,所以还存在基质系统向裂缝系统的窜流;裂缝条数越多,生产相同的时间时井底无因次压降越小,但当压力波传到边界后裂缝条数不再对流动造成明显影响;裂缝半长会影响压裂裂缝径向流出现的时间及地层线性流之前的压降,且压裂裂缝越长,压裂裂缝径向流出现的时间越晚,生产相同的时间所需要的无因次压降越小;裂缝间距会影响裂缝径向流结束的时间,且缝距越小,裂缝径向流持续的时间越短。现场应用结果证明了模型的正确性。     

裂缝面非均匀流入的低渗透油藏压裂水平井非稳态产量计算

基于瞬时点源函数和叠加原理,考虑压裂水平井裂缝段产量非均匀流入、裂缝内变质量以及多裂缝间的相互干扰,采用空间和时间离散技术,建立低渗透油藏压裂水平井储层渗流和裂缝流动相耦合的非稳态产量计算模型。研究结果表明:以往将裂缝考虑为无限导流或者将裂缝考虑为均匀产量流入的平面径向流假设使得计算结果比实际产量偏高;在早期非稳态流动阶段,裂缝产量在井筒附近出现局部峰值,并且储层渗透率越高,裂缝导流能力越小,峰值越明显;在拟稳态生产阶段,低导流能力裂缝的流量分布趋于均匀,而高导流能力裂缝内流量分布进一步非均匀化;为了获得压裂水平井的最佳生产效果,存在与储层渗透率相匹配的最优裂缝导流能力。     

人工裂缝宽度对页岩气渗流规律的影响

针对人工裂缝宽度是水力压裂后产生的评价气田开发效果的重要参数,为研究人工裂缝宽度对页岩气渗流规律的影响,建立了基质—裂缝系统双重介质气体渗流数学模型,采用有限元方法对页岩气在储层渗流过程中的压力进行求解,揭示在定产量条件下定性和定量的描述人工裂缝宽度对储层压力及井底压力的影响及其渗流规律,并优化人工裂缝宽度。结果表明:人工裂缝宽度对储层压力影响较小,增加人工裂缝宽度,基质和裂缝系统的压降未产生明显差异,但提高了压力波及范围。当人工裂缝宽度为7 mm时,页岩气的泄气面积最大,基质系统吸附气解吸量最大,压力波及范围最广且传播到井底的速度最快,气体渗流效果最佳;人工裂缝宽度增加对井底压力影响较小,但井底压力有小幅上升趋势且下降速度逐渐减慢。当人工裂缝宽度为7 mm时,井底压力最高,基质向裂缝方向压力波传播速度最快,基质系统吸附气解吸量最大,裂缝与基质沟通效果最优。综上,在裂缝宽度研究范围内,人工裂缝宽度为7 mm时为最优裂缝宽度。因此,压裂时应充分考虑人工裂缝宽度对页岩气渗流规律的影响,通过储层压力展布及井底压力变化有效指导压裂开采。     

考虑应力干扰的页岩储层裂缝穿透准则

 根据页岩储层多裂缝应力干扰效应形成机理,建立了考虑水平有效地应力、裂缝尖端集中应力以及多缝干扰应力影响的页岩储层裂缝穿透准则。模型分析表明:考虑多缝应力干扰效应影响,压裂缝穿过天然裂缝的能力减弱,分段多簇压裂更有利于在页岩储藏中形成复杂缝网结构。裂缝越长,裂缝间距越小,天然裂缝分布位置越靠近中间裂缝,缝内净压力越大,导致裂缝间的干扰应力越大。随着压裂缝与天然缝间逼近角的减小,在一定应力比和裂缝内摩擦系数范围内,压裂缝穿过天然裂缝能力减弱,超过一定范围后,压裂缝穿透天然裂缝的能力增强。高应力比条件,裂缝穿透能力基本不受逼近角影响。     

页岩气藏压裂数值模拟敏感参数分析

针对页岩气藏压裂形成复杂裂缝网络后,单一的裂缝描述方法不再适用的问题,采用Eclipse 软件中的页岩 气模型,建立了一种“等效方法”,将页岩气有效改造体积表征为“主裂缝+ 网络裂缝渗透率”,代替“主裂缝+ 次裂 缝”的模拟方法,两种方法产量和长期压力驱替是等效的,解决了手工划分网格工作量大、计算速度慢的问题。运用 Plackett-Burman 型线性试验设计方法,对水力裂缝参数和储层参数进行敏感性排序,结果表明：水力裂缝参数中,压裂 纵向改造程度、网络裂缝渗透率和有效改造体积对产量影响最敏感,储层参数对产量影响敏感程度由强到弱为：地层 压力系数、总含气量、储层有效厚度、吸附气比例、井底流压、基质渗透率。为页岩气压裂选井选层和压裂设计方案优 化提供了依据。     

盒8致密气储层水平井体积压裂增产影响因素

 体积压裂技术形成以主裂缝为主干的纵横“网状缝”,适合低孔、低渗油气藏的储层改造。基于盒8致密气储层特征,建立应力敏感和井筒摩阻条件下的水平井体积压裂模型,数值模拟不同储层特点,分析地质条件及缝网特征对体积压裂改造效果影响。结果表明,体积压裂水平井可明显改善致密气藏渗流环境,提高单井产能;压力系数、储层渗透率主要影响体积压裂改造效果;储层有效改造体积越大,压后增产越明显;缝网宽长、裂缝导流、裂缝排布等对体积压裂改造增产效果影响依次增大。研究结果为致密气藏体积压裂优化设计和效果评价提供一定的理论依据。     

导流能力不均匀的部分压开垂直裂缝试井分析方法

考虑水力压裂不能完全压开厚层,压裂后支撑剂无法到达裂缝尖端,缝内导流能力分布不均匀,采用两段导流系数定量表征裂缝内不均匀的导流能力,建立了导流能力不均匀的部分压开垂直裂缝试井模型。运用Laplace变换求解渗流方程,获得考虑井筒储集效应与表皮效应的井底压力解,绘制典型曲线图版,模型参数敏感性分析表明:裂缝内不均匀分布的导流系数会影响井底压力响应特征,差异程度取决于裂缝两端导流系数比。压力与压力导数在双对数曲线上会出现斜率介于0.25～0.5的特征直线段。用本文提出的模型对新疆油田某油井试井解释表明实际储层厚度大于压裂厚度,为进一步改善压裂效果和提高解释精度提供了依据。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-