缩放型导流筒气升式内环流反应器特性：气液两相牛 …

从气相含率、液体循环速度和体积氧传质系数方面研究气液两相牛顿流体在缩放型导流筒气升式内环流生物反应器内的流体力学与传质特性,内导流筒分别采用传统圆柱型和三种不同结构参数的缩放,实验介质为空气－水两相牛顿流体系。结果表明,与传统圆柱型导流筒比较,缩放型导流筒气相含率提高１０％以上,体积氧传质系数在较大范围内提高,圆柱型导流筒反应器的液体循环量大于各缩放型导流筒反应器的液体循环量,还在Ｈｉｇｂｉｅ穿透     

缩放型导流筒气升式内环流反应器特性——气液两相牛顿流

从气相含率、液体循环速度和体积氧传质系数方面研究气液两相牛顿流体在缩放型导流筒气升式内环流生物反应器内的流体力学与传质特性.内导流筒分别采用传统圆柱型和三种不同结构参数的缩放型,实验介质为空气—水两相牛顿流体系.结果表明,与传统圆柱型导流筒比较,缩放型导流筒气相含率提高10%以上,体积氧传质系数在较大范围内提高.圆柱型导流筒反应器的液体循环量(Ar·ULr)大于各缩放型导流筒反应器的液体循环量.还在Higbie穿透理论和Kolomogoroff各向同性理论的基础上建立了体积氧传质系数与操作条件管结构参数间的关联式.     

缩放型导流筒气升式内环流生物反应器气相含率研究

研究了传统圆柱型和三种不同结构缩放型导流筒升式人环流生物反应器的气相含率,用排液体积法和压差法分别测定了总气相含率,下降区气相含率及分离区气相含率,并通过质量衡算求得上升区气相含率,实验结果表明,气相含率通气速率提高而增大,三种不同缩放结构参数导流筒的气相含率较接近,且均高于传统圆柱型导流筒气相含率;对于空气－ＣＭＣ溶液系统,随着介质粘度增加,气相含率下降２％～５％,对于三相系统,随着固含率增加,     

气升式内循环反应器内的气含率与液体循环

研究了气升式内循环反应器内的气含率与液体循环。反应器包含一个传统的导流筒和三段缩放型导流筒。通过实验分别对气－水、气－CMC（羧甲基纤维素）溶液两相系统和气－水－树脂颗粒三相系统进行了研究。用两相漂移通量模型对三相牛顿流体和两相非牛顿流体进行了评价。结果表明，三段缩放型导流筒内的气含率高于传统的导流筒，且随表观气速而提高。在两相和三相系统中，导流筒结构参数的变化对气含率的影响很小。基于漂移通量模型的数学模型很好地描述了反应器内的液体循环。     

环隙气升式反应器在非牛顿流体体系中的应用──反应器特性研究和体积氧传递系数的关联

以羧甲基纤维素钠（ＣＭＣ）水溶液模拟非牛顿型发酵介质，在内径为０．１５ｍ，高为０．９７５ｍ的环隙气升式反应器内，考察了液体流变性质和导流筒结构对气液传质的影响，提出了体积氧传递系数（ＫＬａ）的经验关联式。实验表明：对于较高粘度的假塑性流体，反应器内部采用整体式导流筒结构，将有利于传质和混合，其性能优于采用开窗式导流筒或无导流筒的反应器。     

环隙气升式反应器在非牛顿流体体系中的应用—反应器特性研究…

以羧甲基纤维素钠（ＣＭＣ）水溶液模拟非牛顿型发酵介质，在内径为０．１５ｍ，高为０．９７５ｍ的环隙气升式以应器内，考察了液体流变性质和导流筒结构对气液传质的影响。提出了体积氧传递系数的经验关联式。     

方形气升式环流反应器的流体力学与传氧特性

在方形内环流气升式反应器空气-水两相体系中，从气含率、液体循环速度、混合时间和体积传氧系数，研究了直管、缩放管导流筒顶部有、无上挡板时的流体力学与传氧特性．结果表明，与无上挡板相比，有上挡板的气含率、体积传氧系数均有不同程度的提高，而液相循环时间、混合时间减小．实验还发现，采用上挡板可扩大操作气速范围．     

环隙气升式反应器的开发 Ⅰ.流体力学研究和体积传质系数的关联

在400mm直径的环隙气升式反应器内,用空气-水系统测定了平均气含率和体积传质系数,考察了分布器和导流筒结构的影响,并求得了体积传质系数的经验关联式。实验表明,在相同气速下,环隙气升式反应器的平均气含率和体积传质系数均稍小于鼓泡反应器的值。但由于环隙气升式反应器具有较高的液体循环速度,混和效果好,更具开发价值。     

三相下喷式环流反应器的气含率和传质性能

在三相非牛顿型流体体系中，对下喷式环流反应器的气含率和传质特性进行了实验研究。讨论了气速、液速、导流筒直径与反应器直径比、固体装填量、羧甲基纤维素钠溶液浓度及其流变特性对它们的影响。实验结果表明，气含率和传质系数随气速的增加而增加，而液速对其影响较小。在实验条件下，发现最优的导流筒直径与反应器直径比在０．４￣０．５这一范围，最优的固体装填量约为ψ＝０．０３，同时提出了气含率和容积传质系数的经验关联     

气升式环流反应器内气液两相流动计算流体力学的模拟

采用欧拉-欧拉两流体模型模拟了气升式环流反应器内部气液两相流动过程,考察了液相速度和气含率随表观气速的变化,液相速度和气含率模拟值的关系与两种经验关系式的计算值进行了比较,两者取得了很好的一致,证明了模型的正确性。在此基础上,使用计算流体力学模拟的方法考查了反应器内的导流筒直径和导流筒高度对反应器内两相流动的影响,导流筒直径增大,液相循环量增大,上升段气含率增大;导流筒位置升高,液相循环速度和循环量均增大,上升段气含率减小。所获得的结果对气升式反应器的设计优化具有指导意义。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-