封闭管道内瓦斯爆炸传播过程中障碍物形状影响效果研究

为研究封闭管道内不同形状障碍物对瓦斯爆炸的影响,运用数值模拟软件Fluent,对比分析不同形状障碍物影响下火焰传播速度、最大超压以及爆炸流场结构的变化;运用中尺度激波管道和激光纹影系统,研究封闭管道内无障碍物和矩形障碍物存在时,冲击波和火焰传播,最大超压和火焰传播速度变化情况,对数值模拟结果进行补充。研究发现,封闭管道内最大超压随传播距离的增加而增大,火焰经历“加速-减速”过程。障碍物对火焰的加速作用主要存在于障碍物附近,火焰经历“加速-减速-再加速-再减速”过程。火焰越过障碍物前受流动压缩影响产生加速,在障碍物上方受剪切层影响,火焰下侧产生湍流扰动,加速传播;火焰越过障碍物后,与障碍物下游涡旋相互作用,形成湍流火焰,加速向下游传播。薄板障碍物对火焰传播速度和最大超压的提升效果最大,其次为长方形,三角形和圆形障碍物。在障碍物附近和其下游,最大超压相较于无障碍物情况下有明显提升。     

平面管道内钝体后湍流预混火焰的数值分析

本文基于运用SCASM 燃烧模型的“k—ε—gr”湍流模型,借助于GM80通用程序对平面管道内钝体后的湍流预混火焰进行了数值分析.计算得到的火焰扩展角大约为2°,和与来流状态无关的结果与普遍承认的实验结果一致。本文给出并求解了控制反应度脉动均方值gr 的微分方程,从而构造了“k—ε—gr”湍流模型;提出了以最大温度脉动值的轨迹作为火焰面的数学表征的建议;考虑了SCASM 燃烧模型中局部温度对层流火焰传播速度的影响;给出了计算近壁区gr 值的壁面函数.     

结构异常管路对瓦斯爆炸传播特性的影响

在实验研究的基础上,分析了结构异常管路对瓦斯爆炸传播特性的重要影响。研究结果表明,在拐弯处的瓦斯爆炸传播过程是一个压力波、火焰、复杂流动场相互作用的过程,压力波超压、火焰传播速度迅速增大,对拐弯处的壁面破坏特别严重。弯管角度对瓦斯爆炸传播特性有很大的影响,瓦斯爆炸通过不同角度的弯管后,火焰传播速度和压力波超压值都有不同程度的变化。管道拐弯既增加了燃烧区的湍流度而加速燃烧产生能量以推动加速传播,同时也因为拐弯而增大了总阻力和热量向壁面的传递,弯角处膨胀波也会抑制瓦斯爆炸的传播。管道拐弯对瓦斯爆炸传播特性的影响取决于抑制因素和激励因素的综合作用。     

大型炉膛燃烧过程的数值模拟

介绍了一个针对大型炉膛燃烧过程进行数值模拟的完整三维湍流、燃烧和热传递计算模型，该模型预示了气体流动、组分浓度和温度、颗粒轨迹及燃烧、壁面辐射热流。气相的动量、烛和组分的守恒方程采用ｋ－ε模型来描述湍流粘性系数，用颗粒随机轨道法模拟煤粉的运动轨迹，并且考虑了挥发分的燃烧及热解、焦炭燃尽过程。对辐射热传递采用离散传递法。     

大型炉膛燃烧过程的数值模拟

介绍了一个针对大型炉膛燃烧过程进行数值模拟的完整三维湍流、燃烧和热传递计算模型，该模型洋了气体流动、组分浓度和温度、颗粒轨迹及燃烧、壁面辐射热流。气相的动量、焓和组分的恒方程采用ｋ－ε模型来描述湍流粘性系数，用颗粒随机道法模拟煤粉的运动轨迹，并且考虑了挥发分的燃烧及热解、焦炭燃尽过程。对辐射热传递采用离散传递法。     

定容燃烧弹中预混流燃烧的数值模拟

发展了一种新型预混湍流燃烧的数值模型。该模型基于准维模型的基本思想,摒弃了湍流燃烧速度模型,以数值生成的湍流场对火焰前锋面的客观影响推动燃烧计算过程,消除了人为经验作用。利用模拟得到的湍流速度场,实现了对火焰几何形状的二维模拟,利用该模型,计算和讨论了当量燃空比分别为０．９和０．７时,定容燃烧弹中预混湍流燃烧的特点,以及湍流强度和湍流标尺对燃烧的影响。     

入射和反射激波与火焰相互作用的实验和数值显示

以等物质的量比的甲烷/空气为研究对象,利用YA-16多闪光高速照相机对火球在入射激波及其反射激波作用下的变形进行了实验研究.基于带化学反应的二维轴对称Navier-Stokes方程,采用带有Superbee限制函数的波传播算法,对该现象进行了数值模拟,并用计算光学对数值结果进行了处理,得出的计算阴影图和实验阴影照片比较吻合.结果表明,火球在入射激波的作用下,出现了Richtmyer-Meshkov不稳定、斜压效应和Helmholtz不稳定,导致火球不断变形,在局部区域还出现了湍流,加剧了燃烧.随后,反射激波再次作用火球,加速火焰变形的同时,还使火球在波后高能量的可燃气中剧烈燃烧,湍流强度也大幅度增加,同时由于壁面的限制,使得火球发展呈蘑菇云形状.而激波穿越火焰时,轴线上的激波强度也会得到加强.     

用于模拟湍流射流扩散燃烧的条件矩模型

采用Bilger提出的条件矩模型对CH4－CO2湍流射流扩散燃烧进行了数值 模拟。对于湍流流和混合分数场采用k-ε-f-g模型,对于组分浓度场采用条件矩模型的抛物线型方程。将速度场、温度场和主要组分（CH4和CO2）浓度场的模拟数据与美国Sandia国家实验室的实验数据进行了对照。结果表明条件矩模型能够较好地反映扩散燃烧的火焰结构,是湍流燃烧模型研究的一种值得探讨的有前途的方法。     

管道内障碍物扰动对煤气爆炸特性影响的数值模拟

结合实验研究,采用迎风型WENO格式和两阶段化学反应模型就管道内障碍物对煤气/空气预混气体爆炸火焰的影响规律进行了数值研究,探讨了自管道右端面反射产生的压缩波与火焰传播的相互作用规律,得出了该反射波是造成火焰速度下降的原因.在此基础上,分析了障碍物对火焰的作用机理以及由此诱发的流场变化规律.结果表明,由于障碍物的加入,爆燃波发生多次反射,使得可燃混合气体得到充分压缩,温度和压力增加,化学反应速率提高,火焰强度得到加强.同时,从障碍物中传播出去的爆燃波经壁面反射后形成三波点,使得该处火焰速度升高,随着三波点的向前传播,由于能量的耗散,火焰速度逐渐下降.这些结论为爆炸场预估、防火防爆和爆轰推进中有效控制可燃气体的燃烧速率和火焰传播速度提供了重要的理论依据.     

水流绕过二维方形障碍物的湍流数值模拟

采用了混合有限分析求解方法对湍流绕过二维方形障碍物进行了数值模拟,模拟雷诺应力项时采用了布辛涅斯克假定.采用了k-ε双层模型进行计算,通过与文献中的实验结果及数值计算结果的比较验证了本计算方法的有效性.模拟结果表明k-ε双层模型较壁面函数法预测湍流绕过方形障碍物时更为准确;障碍物高度及流动条件不变时(Re=1.4×104,H=1.0),随着方形障碍物长度的变化,障碍物上游的旋涡Ⅰ的长度基本上没有变化,而在障碍物的下游当L/H≥4时旋涡Ⅱ的长度也基本上保持不变.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.