白蛾黑基啮小蜂寄主接受行为的研究

白蛾黑基啮小蜂(Tetrastichus nigricoxae Yang)在徐州地区主要寄生杨小舟蛾(Micromelalopha troglodyta)蛹。在小环境中,它搜寻寄主蛹平均耗时(93.12±66.53)s。搜寻到寄主后,多数小蜂从寄主蛹腹部爬上蛹体并产卵,只有少数小蜂在蛹的头部和胸部爬上寄主蛹并产卵。1~3 d龄小蜂寄生能力无差异,其寄生率均为100%,4 d龄小蜂寄生能力开始显著下降,5 d龄的寄生率已降至20%。白蛾黑基啮小蜂能寄生杨小舟蛾老熟幼虫、预蛹、1~5 d龄蛹,不能寄生6 d龄蛹。1 d龄杨小舟蛾蛹被寄生率最高,达(92.59±12.83)%,随着蛹龄的增长,小蜂对寄主蛹的寄生能力逐渐下降。在增加寄主蛹密度的情况下,小蜂的寄生能力并不能显著提高。随着雌蜂密度的增加,寄主蛹的被寄生率和每头寄主子代出蜂量也相应提高,当蛹蜂比为1∶5时开始出现过寄生现象,并随着雌蜂数量的增加,过寄生现象呈上升趋势。速冻蛹(蛹动)对白蛾黑基啮小蜂接受寄主的影响不大。     

人工繁殖白蛾黑基啮小蜂最适交配期和暴露期的选择

以蛹蜂比为1∶100和柞蚕(Antheraea pernyi Guerin-Meneville)蛹为替代寄主繁殖白蛾黑基啮小蜂(Tetrastichus nigricoxae Yang),测定室内人工繁蜂的最适交配期和接蜂暴露期。结果表明:当小蜂羽化出蜂后交配48～72 h时,寄生率(93.3%～94.2%)、羽化率(87.5%～90.8%)和平均子代出蜂量(1 010.4～1 213.3头)等寄生指标,均高于或显著高于24 h时的值(p<0.05),极显著高于0 h和96～144 h时(p<0.01)的值;当寄主蛹暴露给寄生蜂2～3 d时,寄生率(87.5%～95.8%)、羽化率(86.7%～95.8%)和平均子代出蜂量(1 274.5～1 365.6头)等繁蜂指标也高于或显著高于其他暴露期处理(p<0.05)。综合考虑蜂龄对寄生效果的影响,选择白蛾黑基啮小蜂人工繁殖的最适交配期和暴露期分别为羽化出蜂后2 d和2～3 d。     

白蛾周氏啮小蜂滞育诱导及滞育后发育

本研究针对人工繁育白蛾周氏啮小蜂Chouioia cunea Yang过程中出现的小蜂滞育现象,对其滞育诱导的光周期反应及敏感光照虫态进行了调查。结果表明:沈阳地区的白蛾周氏啮小蜂属长日照型昆虫,以老熟幼虫进入滞育状态,但在不同的温度条件下诱导滞育的临界光周期不同,在18℃时诱导滞育的临界光周期处于13L∶11D和14L∶10D之间;在21℃和24℃时诱导滞育的临界光周期变短,处于12L∶12D和13L∶11D之间。白蛾周氏啮小蜂滞育诱导的敏感光照虫态为幼虫期,且以幼虫的后期最为敏感,但整个幼虫期接受短光照对滞育的形成更为有利。通过观察白蛾周氏啮小蜂滞育后在18℃,21℃,24℃和30℃的恒温条件下的发育历期,由最小二乘法计算出白蛾周氏啮小蜂老熟幼虫滞育后发育起点温度和有效积温分别为14.60&#177;0.31℃和209.38&#177;8.72日.度。这些结果可为进一步研究白蛾周氏啮小蜂的种蜂长期保存技术和指导商品蜂生产,正确把握放蜂时机提供理论依据。     

黑棒啮小蜂种团(膜翅目姬小蜂科)寄生蜂研究进展

啮小蜂属黑棒啮小蜂种团(Tetrastichus howardi species group)属膜翅目,姬小蜂科,啮小蜂亚科(Hymenoptera,Eulophidae:Tetrastichinae)。笔者详细介绍了该种团的识别特征和8种寄生蜂的地理分布、寄主种类、食性及生物学特性,系统综述了黑棒啮小蜂(Tetrastichus howardi)和白蛾黑基啮小蜂(T.nigricoxae)2种重要寄生蜂的生物学、行为学、人工繁殖与释放应用等方面的研究进展。在分析这些寄生蜂生物学共性与区别的基础上,还探讨了今后应用白蛾黑基啮小蜂防治杨树人工林食叶害虫的研究方向与利用对策。     

惠东黄蚜小蜂生物学特性初步研究

惠东黄蚜小蜂是林业重要入侵害虫—松突圆蚧的本地寄生性天敌之一,开展惠东黄蚜小蜂的生物学特性研究,可为其将来的人工保护和利用提供依据.研究结果表明,成蜂的多数形态特征与其近缘种相似,但在触角式、产卵器的相对长度方面存有明显区别;在15～35℃,成蜂个体寿命随着温度升高而缩短且雌蜂寿命长于雄蜂;在(25±1)℃,RH(70±10)%条件下,卵期发育历期为(2.3±0.4)d,幼虫期(12.8±1.5)d,蛹(8.5±0.8)d,全世代历期为23.6 d,有效积温为301日度,发育起点温度9.227℃.成蜂羽化后,即可立即取食20%蜜水,羽化主要在白天12:00～16:00进行,成蜂具有较强正趋光性;在林间,虫口密度高峰发生于4～6月,种群性比为7.15∶1,可能存在产雌孤雌生殖现象.     

蝇蛹俑小蜂寄生黑腹果蝇时实验种群生命表

以杨梅园等果园害虫黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)及其蛹期寄生蜂蝇蛹俑小蜂(Spalangia endius)为对象,在温度25±1℃、相对湿度(60±5)%以及光周期14L:10D的室内条件下,构建了蝇蛹俑小蜂实验种群生命表.结果表明雌蜂和雄蜂的成蜂寿命分别为17.28±5.29d和17.97±6.76d,平均每头雌蜂有60.31±35.08个后代,后代中雄性百分比为(28.08±13.29)%.雌雄蜂羽化后的生命期望分别为16.78d和17.47d.在实验条件下,蝇蛹俑小蜂种群内禀增长率(rm)和周限增长率(λ)分别为0.14±0.0009和1.16±0.001;净生殖率(R0)为45.17±1.05;世代时间(T)和种群倍增时间(DT)分别为26.31±0.07d和4.79±0.03d.研究表明,蝇蛹俑小蜂在实验室条件下可以利用黑腹果蝇完成生活史,对果蝇存在控制效果.     

褐圆蚧纯黄蚜小蜂的胚胎发育和胚后发育

为深入了解褐圆蚧纯黄蚜小蜂（Aphytis holoxanthus DeBach）个体生长发育状况，采用跟踪观察，应用透射光和直射光拍摄，描述了该蜂的胚胎发育和胚后发育过程。结果表明：在温度（25±1） ℃、相对湿度70%±5%条件下，纯黄蚜小蜂卵期2~3 d。产卵后0~8 h为卵裂和胚盘形成阶段；16~18 h后，形成胚带和胚膜；50~52 h后，胚胎雏形形成；54 h后，胚胎形成，卵壳表面出现裂缝，卵壳从卵端部开始脱至卵柄，1~2 min完成孵化。纯黄蚜小蜂幼虫期约为7 d，蛹期7~8 d，预蛹浅黄色，老熟蛹复眼浅灰色，胸部腹板和腹部腹板大部分暗褐色。     

不同杀虫剂和生态因子对桨角蚜小蜂的影响

本文测定了不同杀虫剂对桨角蚜小蜂蛹和成虫的杀伤力 ;不同温度、湿度、光周期条件下桨角蚜小蜂蛹的羽化率。结果表明 ,在选择的 10种药剂中 ,菊酯类农药对桨角蚜小蜂的杀伤力最大 ,扑虱灵对桨角蚜小蜂的杀伤力最小 ;不同温度、湿度、光周期条件下桨角蚜小蜂蛹的羽化率不同 ,蛹分别在 2 3- 30℃、75- 85%RH、光照 14L :10 D条件下羽化率最高     

几种卵寄生蜂的特性介绍

为了更好地繁殖利用各种寄生蜂防治农作物害虫,我们必须了解各种蜂的特性,做好繁殖、放蜂工作。现将几种蜂的特性介绍如下:一、各种寄生蜂的特征与分布我国水稻螟虫卵寄生蜂有以下七种:(1)稻螟赤眼蜂;(2)螟黄赤眼蜂;(3)松毛虫赤眼蜂;(4)螟卵啮小蜂;(5)长腹黑卵蜂;(6)等腹黑卵蜂;(7)螟黑卵蜂。     

花椒吉丁啮小蜂的活动规律及产卵行为

为进一步了解花椒吉丁啮小蜂的习性,以利用该蜂进行生物防治,笔者对其活动规律、取食行为、产卵行为及引诱因素对其活动的影响进行了观察。结果表明,花椒吉丁啮小蜂的日活动规律呈“M”形,在野外取食涂于陈旧危害部位的蜂蜜。雌成虫完成整个产卵过程所用的平均时间为(149.2±65.8)s,可分为定位、试探、产卵、修饰或休息4个阶段。陈旧危害部位对花椒吉丁啮小蜂的引诱作用与新危害部、健康树皮、花椒叶背和叶面存在极显著差异。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.