西部开发与城市土壤侵蚀及防治对策——以黄土？…

西部大开发战略,必将促进西部地区经济发展和城市化进程,为进一步防止城市土壤侵蚀,分析了黄土高原地区城市化对蚀营力、侵蚀物源及土壤侵蚀量的影响;提出了转变观念、提高认识、明确指导思想和目的要求,做好规划,搞好协作,加强宣传与监督,依法防治城市土壤侵蚀等防治对策。     

黄土高原城市化对侵蚀环境的负面影响及对策

阐述了黄土高原地区城市化现状,分析了城市化对侵蚀环境带来的负面影响主要有：城市基本建设使松散堆积物大量增加;各种工业固体废弃物及生活垃圾的随意堆放;大量排放未经处理的污水;城市坚实下垫面增加地表径流和水动力;使近郊区耕垦指数增大、植被覆盖度减小;使地质地貌灾害增多;结果强化了侵蚀环境,促进了土壤侵蚀。提出了转变观念,重视城市水土保持,做好规划,搞好协作,加强法制等防治对策。     

基于RS和GIS的洛宁县土壤侵蚀研究

利用RS和GIS技术获取研究区土壤侵蚀的各个影响因子,运用卜兆宏提出的土壤侵蚀模型,得出研究区土壤侵蚀模数和侵蚀强度分级,并分析研究区土壤侵蚀与主要影响因子间的响应关系.结果表明:洛宁县平均土壤侵蚀模数为2 799.29 t/(km2.a),年侵蚀总量为6 495 744 t;61%的区域为微度侵蚀或轻度侵蚀,强度以上侵蚀主要分布在洛宁县西部,面积占全县的20%,侵蚀量却占总侵蚀量的57.64%,是预防和加强水土流失治理的重点区域;坡度与土壤侵蚀呈现正相关关系,中度和强度侵蚀在水体、农地、建设用地、森林、未利用土地等土地利用类型中呈递增现象.     

基于GIS与USLE的榆中县土壤侵蚀

在GIS与RS技术支持下应用USLE模型对位于黄土高原西部的榆中县进行土壤侵蚀强度的定量估算,探讨区域土壤侵蚀的空间变异性以及与坡度梯度和土地利用方式之间的关系.得出榆中县的年均侵蚀总量为813137t,年均侵蚀模数为247t/km~2,并且土壤侵蚀的空间变异性明显,年均侵蚀模数与年均侵蚀总量随坡度梯度的增加都呈指数增加.在分析不同土地利用方式下的土壤侵蚀状况后发现,低覆盖度草地才是区域最主要的侵蚀地带.     

土壤去哪儿了?

正喀斯特石漠化中土壤侵蚀的特点是什么?我们该如何防治土壤被侵蚀!什么是土壤侵蚀?有何危害?土壤侵蚀是一种发生在地球表面的自然现象,全球除了永冻地区以外,都发生过不同程度的土壤侵蚀。人类出现之前的地质时期,由于自然环境因素的变化,就有土壤侵蚀的过程,这种侵蚀被称为自然侵蚀,它是包括地圈、生物圈系统在内的多种因素的综合作用。     

探讨土壤崩岗侵蚀形成与危害及其水土保持治理思路

崩岗是土壤侵蚀的一种形式。其中土壤侵蚀是指土壤及其母质在外营力作用下,被破坏、分离、搬运和沉积的过程;而水土保持指对外营力造成的土壤侵蚀所采取的预防和治理措施,以保护水土资源、维持土地生产力,并建立良好生态环境的综合性科学技术。土壤侵蚀与水土保持学科以土壤侵蚀过程为研究对象,揭示其发生发展规律,提出水土保持措施及相关对策。本文以赣县废弃稀土矿区的崩岗侵蚀现象为依托,进一步探讨南方丘陵崩岗侵蚀区的形成与危害,并提出相应的水土保持治理思路。为以后南方山地丘陵区崩岗侵蚀的防治提供一定的参考。     

皖西大别山区土壤侵蚀空间分布特征及与地形的关系

基于修正的通用土壤流失方程和GIS空间分析方法,定量分析了皖西大别山区土壤侵蚀空间分布特征,讨论了侵蚀强度与海拔、坡度、坡向等因子的关系.基于信息熵模型评价地形因子与土壤侵蚀强度的空间相关性结果表明:(1)皖西大别山区2010年土壤侵蚀总量为1844.30×10~4t,平均侵蚀模数为1415.05t/km~2·a.区域以微度和轻度侵蚀为主,分别占总面积的52.95%和31.99%,侵蚀强度由东南至西北逐渐加剧.(2)坡度和海拔主导着区域内土壤侵蚀强度的空间分布.随着坡度和海拔增加,侵蚀强度不断加剧,强度侵蚀的面积比例增加,微度侵蚀的面积减少;在坡度15-25°区域、海拔200-500m区域的土壤侵蚀总量最大.坡向对土壤侵蚀强度的影响较小,土壤侵蚀强度在东南坡向较其它坡向略强.(3)地形因子与土壤侵蚀强度的空间相关性强弱为:坡度海拔坡向.坡度是安徽省大别山区土壤侵蚀强度的主导因子.     

基于GIS和RS的抚顺市土壤侵蚀动态研究

以GIS为平台,利用遥感数据和修正的通用土壤侵蚀方程(RUSLE)动态研究了浑河上游抚顺地区的土壤侵蚀.结果表明,抚顺市1998年和2005年两个时期的侵蚀强度跨越了微度到强度的四个等级,侵蚀面积约占总面积的49.11%(1998年)和47.44%(2005年),年平均侵蚀量分别为242.96 t/(km2.a)(1998年)和263.31 t/(km2.a)(2005年),以微度侵蚀、轻度侵蚀和中度侵蚀为主,伴有少量的强度侵蚀.受人为活动和降水变化的影响,2005年比1998年侵蚀面积相对减小,但侵蚀强度加大.从土壤侵蚀与坡度、海拔和土地利用的关系来看,研究区的土壤侵蚀主要出现在坡度为8°~...     

基于GIS和RUSLE模型的深圳市土壤侵蚀研究

在GIS技术支持下,基于RUSLE模型对深圳市土壤侵蚀进行了定量评估,并分析了不同坡度、植被覆盖度、土地利用和降雨条件下土壤侵蚀强度空间特征和规律.结果表明,(1)研究区2014年平均土壤侵蚀模数为196. 15t·km~(-2)·a-1,年侵蚀量为36×104t,其中轻度、中度侵蚀的面积占比分别为12. 65%和0. 91%,强烈及以上侵蚀面积占比只有0. 14%,全市土壤侵蚀总体属微度水平,相比1995年有明显改善;(2)中度及以上等级土壤侵蚀主要发生在15°～35°区间,坡度每增加一个等级,土壤侵蚀模数平均增加344. 0t·km~(-2)·a-1;(3)主要分布在山区周围、植被覆盖度为30%～60%的高植被覆盖区虽然面积只有全市的37. 2%,但其侵蚀量却达全市的62. 7%;(4)林地和园地是土壤侵蚀发生的主要土地利用类型;(5)土壤侵蚀受汛期(4～9月)降雨影响显著,汛期泥沙输移量超过全年的80%.研究区应该特别关注汛期山区周围的土壤侵蚀防治.     

重庆市土壤侵蚀空间格局研究

基于重庆地区1∶10万土壤侵蚀图实地调查,在地理信息系统软件(ArcviewGIS)和景观格局分析软件Frag-stats(栅格版)支持下,从景观总体特征、斑块面积、斑块数、斑块周长和分形维数角度进行了土壤侵蚀格局分析和破碎化评价。结果表明,中强度土壤侵蚀分布在土壤侵蚀敏感性较高的区域;微度侵蚀和中度侵蚀的边界密度较高,异质性特征也较强烈,显示出对整个地区景观有较高程度的影响;剧烈侵蚀、极强度侵蚀斑块高度破碎化。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-