金属量子结构中的半导体输运性质及其调控

随着后摩尔时代的推进,以硅为基础的半导体器件正接近其性能极限.除了不断引入新的器件结构外,设计具有半导体特性的金属量子结构为微电子器件的性能提升提供了全新的解决方案;而打开金属带隙,使其具有栅极可调半导体输运,是实现其应用的关键.以此为目的,自20世纪末以来,多种金属量子结构便逐步被设计与开发,其输运特性的有效调控也被学术界广泛研究.本文回顾了零维量子点、一维纳米线/纳米管、二维材料/人工二维晶格/超导薄膜等不同维度金属量子结构的研究进展;针对这些结构体系,介绍了其各自的能隙调控思想,总结分析了可控输运特性的实现方法与内在机制,对比展示了材料结构的电学性能及应用前景.基于目前报道的研究结果,提出了未来预期的研究方向:开发金属量子结构中输运与自旋关联特性,设计同时传输电荷与自旋信息,且具有栅极可调输运带隙的全金属沟道材料、结构与器件.     

多场调控氮化物半导体量子结构及其固态光源应用

简要回顾了氮化物半导体发光二极管技术的发展历程,总结了多物理场作为有效调控和裁剪氮化物量子结构关键特性的重要手段,着重介绍了近年来厦门大学在半导体固态光源量子结构材料和器件方面的研究进展,特别是在氮化物半导体量子结构关键技术开发中,率先联合调控化学势场、光场、极化场以及电场等获得的有影响的重要创新成果.     

应变量子阱能带结构的数值分析

 以InGaAs/GaAs应变量子阱材料为例,讨论了量子阱结构中的应变效应,用k·p微扰理论给出包括重空穴带、轻空穴带和自旋-轨道分裂带相互作用和考虑应变作用的6×6 Luttinger-Kohn哈密顿量,利用Matlab精确求解,并进行数值模拟得到了布里渊区中心的导带结构、价带结构和包络函数。结果表明,应变的引入使晶体产生畸变,改变了晶体结构的对称性,进而改变了材料的能带结构,提供了一种有效的能带裁剪手段。特点是将带隙、带边偏置比和能带结构计算系统结合起来,构成一个完整体系,该模型同样适用于其他III-V族的半导体量子阱的能带结构。     

四端介观量子网络中电子的相干输运性质

采用解线性方程组的方法研究了同时存在磁通和Rashba自旋一轨道耦合的四端介观量子网络中电子的相干输运性质．计算结果表明,该量子网络中电子的相干输运是量子干涉和自旋进动的联合效应。这种四端多通道结构为调制电子的相干输运提供了更多的选择。     

铁磁/半导体/铁磁异质结构的自旋极化输运

采用相干量子输运理论和传递矩阵方法,研究了具有不同自旋指向的极化电子渡越铁磁/半导体/铁磁异质结构的隧穿几率和自旋极化率.研究表明,隧穿几率和自旋极化率随半导体长度的改变发生周期性变化、随Rashba自旋轨道耦合强度的改变发生准周期变化,并且在2铁磁电极中磁矩取向平行时;选择适当的半导体的长度和Rashba自旋轨道耦合强度可以得到较大的自旋极化率.     

受多体效应影响的平行双量子点结构中的自旋输运

采用非平衡态格林函数方法,研究了一个三电极的平行双量子点结构中由局域Rashba型自旋轨道耦合诱导的自旋极化的电子输运.结果发现,当电子从"源"电极经量子点区到两个"漏"电极时,它能根据自身的自旋态选择终端,即自旋极化和自旋分离可在这一结构同时实现.同时发现,量子点内的库仑相互作用对该体系的自旋输运性质有重要影响,其中有额外电极与之耦合的量子点中的库仑相互作用的强度对自旋输运起主要调节作用.     

量子点体系中自旋过滤、自旋流产生和自旋注入

自旋电子学是一门新兴的交叉学科,其中心主题就是对固体电子系统中电子的自旋自由度进行有效地操作和控制.量子点体系中的自旋效应近期受到了理论和实验较多的关注.本文着重介绍了自旋轨道耦合效应对量子点体系输运性质的影响,探讨了怎样利用自旋轨道耦合效应来实现对自旋的有效过滤和纯自旋流产生.基于四铁磁端双量子点体系中电子的交换相互作用机制,指出了一种可以显著提高从铁磁金属到半导体量子点自旋注入效率的新方法.     

《中国学术期刊文摘》(中文版)综述文摘选登

稀磁半导体的研究进展赵建华(中国科学院半导体研究所,半导体超晶格国家重点实验室,北京100083)主要介绍了III-V族稀磁半导体(Ga,Mn)As的研究进展,包括(Ga,Mn)As的生长制备、基本磁性质、磁输运特征、磁光性质、磁性起源、相关的异质结构和自旋注入等,同时还简单介绍了其他稀磁半导体如IV族、III-VI族和IV-VI族等稀磁半导体的研究进展,在文章的最后描述了理想的稀磁半导体应该具备的特征以及对未来的展望。     

铁磁半导体/半导体/铁磁半导体异质结中光子辅助量子输运特性

基于有效质量近似和Floquet理论,考虑自旋-轨道耦合和外场驱动作用下,研究铁磁半导体/半导体/铁磁半导体异质结中的量子输运特性.结果表明自旋-轨道相互作用不仅使自旋发生翻转,而且束缚态能级发生劈裂,从而使电导率中出现两个Fano共振峰.势阱两边的磁化强度以及两边磁化强度之间的夹角对自旋翻转和共振位置具有调制作用.     

III族氮化物半导体材料

III族氮化物半导体材料（Al，In，Ca）N，（包括GaN、InN、A1N、InGaN、A1GaN和AllnGaN等）是性能优良、适宜制作半导体光电子和电子器件的材料。用这种材料研究发展的高功率、高亮度的蓝一绿一白发光管和蓝光激光器以及其他电子器件和光电子器件近几年来均有很大突破，有的己形成了产业。     

Giant magnetoresistance in organic spin-valves

A spin valve is a layered structure of magnetic and non-magnetic (spacer) materials whose electrical resistance depends on the spin state of electrons passing through the device and so can be controlled by an external magnetic field. The discoveries of giant magnetoresistance and tunnelling magnetoresistance in metallic spin valves have revolutionized applications such as magnetic recording and memory, and launched the new field of spin electronics--'spintronics'. Intense research efforts are now devoted to extending these spin-dependent effects to semiconductor materials. But while there have been noteworthy advances in spin injection and detection using inorganic semiconductors, spin-valve devices with semiconducting spacers have not yet been demonstrated. pi-conjugated organic semiconductors may offer a promising alternative approach to semiconductor spintronics, by virtue of their relatively strong electron-phonon coupling and large spin coherence. Here we report the injection, transport and detection of spin-polarized carriers using an organic semiconductor as the spacer layer in a spin-valve structure, yielding low-temperature giant magnetoresistance effects as large as 40 per cent.     

不同掺杂元素对GaN基材料发光性能影响研究进展

由于GaN材料本身具有的极大优越性,如大禁带宽度、高临界场强、高热导率、高载流子饱和速率、高异质结界面二维电子气浓度等,决定了GaN基材料及其器件在发光半导体材料领域中的重要地位,而高质量GaN的掺杂制备一直是研究者关注的热点.本文根据近几年国内外对掺杂GaN基材料的研究成果,总结概括了IIA族、过渡族以及稀土族元素对GaN的掺杂,分析讨论了不同掺杂元素对GaN基材料发光性能的影响,并以Mg掺杂GaN为例,对比了各种掺杂技术的优缺点.     

贵金属/半导体异质结中的光致自旋电流效应研究

自旋电子材料因能同时对电子的自旋和电荷两个自由度实施操控,在构筑以低功耗、超高速、大容量和超宽带为特征的新一代信息处理技术中展现出巨大的应用潜力.然而,通过掺杂过渡金属元素和稀土离子而形成的传统稀磁半导体和钙钛矿锰氧化物往往因结构缺陷导致的居里温度不高、自旋磁矩和自旋极化率偏低等不足,阻碍了自旋电子材料的商业化应用.近年来,在高纯半导体上沉积贵金属薄膜所形成的贵金属/半导体异质结中,通过使用偏振光激发该类异质结可产生纯自旋电流.这种基于逆自旋霍尔效应(ISHE)、可在室温下运行的、非接触和非破坏型的自旋极化激励方法理论上可获得高于50%自旋极化率,引起了人们的广泛关注.文章主要介绍光致自旋电流形成机制和测试方法,以及入射光圆偏振度、光强、入射角度等参数对光致自旋注入效率的调控机理,介绍杂质介导和声子介导对光致自旋输运的贡献,最后提出增强光致自旋电子极化率的可行方案,可为揭示自旋载流子产生、注入和输运相关的自旋动力学核心科学问题以及研制高性能自旋电子器件提供有益的参考.     

浓磁半导体材料的制备、磁性和自旋极化的输运

成功制备出过渡金属元素含量高的Zn_1-xCo_xO、Ti_1-xCo_xO₂、(In_1-xCo_x)2O3铁磁半导体(浓磁半导),发现这些氧化物浓磁半导体具有高于室温的居里温度、高自旋极化率、巨磁光克尔效应等优良材料特性。还对浓磁半导的输运性质进行了系统的实验和理论研究,提出了自旋依赖的电子变程跃迁理论模型。这些用新方法制备的氧化物浓磁半导体,不同于常规的稀磁半导体,有望成为高效自旋注入源和半透明磁光新材料。     

Inkjet printing of single-crystal films

The use of single crystals has been fundamental to the development of semiconductor microelectronics and solid-state science. Whether based on inorganic or organic materials, the devices that show the highest performance rely on single-crystal interfaces, with their nearly perfect translational symmetry and exceptionally high chemical purity. Attention has recently been focused on developing simple ways of producing electronic devices by means of printing technologies. 'Printed electronics' is being explored for the manufacture of large-area and flexible electronic devices by the patterned application of functional inks containing soluble or dispersed semiconducting materials. However, because of the strong self-organizing tendency of the deposited materials, the production of semiconducting thin films of high crystallinity (indispensable for realizing high carrier mobility) may be incompatible with conventional printing processes. Here we develop a method that combines the technique of antisolvent crystallization with inkjet printing to produce organic semiconducting thin films of high crystallinity. Specifically, we show that mixing fine droplets of an antisolvent and a solution of an active semiconducting component within a confined area on an amorphous substrate can trigger the controlled formation of exceptionally uniform single-crystal or polycrystalline thin films that grow at the liquid-air interfaces. Using this approach, we have printed single crystals of the organic semiconductor 2,7-dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (C(8)-BTBT) (ref. 15), yielding thin-film transistors with average carrier mobilities as high as 16.4?cm(2)?V(-1)?s(-1). This printing technique constitutes a major step towards the use of high-performance single-crystal semiconductor devices for large-area and flexible electronics applications.     

Direct electronic measurement of the spin Hall effect

The generation, manipulation and detection of spin-polarized electrons in nanostructures define the main challenges of spin-based electronics. Among the different approaches for spin generation and manipulation, spin-orbit coupling--which couples the spin of an electron to its momentum--is attracting considerable interest. In a spin-orbit-coupled system, a non-zero spin current is predicted in a direction perpendicular to the applied electric field, giving rise to a spin Hall effect. Consistent with this effect, electrically induced spin polarization was recently detected by optical techniques at the edges of a semiconductor channel and in two-dimensional electron gases in semiconductor heterostructures. Here we report electrical measurements of the spin Hall effect in a diffusive metallic conductor, using a ferromagnetic electrode in combination with a tunnel barrier to inject a spin-polarized current. In our devices, we observe an induced voltage that results exclusively from the conversion of the injected spin current into charge imbalance through the spin Hall effect. Such a voltage is proportional to the component of the injected spins that is perpendicular to the plane defined by the spin current direction and the voltage probes. These experiments reveal opportunities for efficient spin detection without the need for magnetic materials, which could lead to useful spintronics devices that integrate information processing and data storage.     

石墨烯银纳米线透明导电薄膜的制备进展

透明导电薄膜是触摸器件以及液晶显示器等的重要组成部分,制备透明导电薄膜的材料主要有金属氧化物、导电聚合物、碳材料、金属材料和复合材料等。其中,一维银纳米线和二维石墨烯材料制备透明导电薄膜具有光电性能优异、化学性能稳定和柔韧性好等特点,有望应用于柔性电子设备中。介绍了石墨烯银纳米线透明导电薄膜常用的制备方法：旋涂法、真空抽滤法、棒涂法、喷涂法、滴涂法等5种以及各种制备方法的优缺点;总结了石墨烯银纳米线复合薄膜的应用领域;展望了石墨烯银纳米线透明导电薄膜的发展前景。     

Electronic measurement and control of spin transport in silicon

The spin lifetime and diffusion length of electrons are transport parameters that define the scale of coherence in spintronic devices and circuits. As these parameters are many orders of magnitude larger in semiconductors than in metals, semiconductors could be the most suitable for spintronics. So far, spin transport has only been measured in direct-bandgap semiconductors or in combination with magnetic semiconductors, excluding a wide range of non-magnetic semiconductors with indirect bandgaps. Most notable in this group is silicon, Si, which (in addition to its market entrenchment in electronics) has long been predicted a superior semiconductor for spintronics with enhanced lifetime and transport length due to low spin-orbit scattering and lattice inversion symmetry. Despite this promise, a demonstration of coherent spin transport in Si has remained elusive, because most experiments focused on magnetoresistive devices; these methods fail because of a fundamental impedance mismatch between ferromagnetic metal and semiconductor, and measurements are obscured by other magnetoelectronic effects. Here we demonstrate conduction-band spin transport across 10 mum undoped Si in a device that operates by spin-dependent ballistic hot-electron filtering through ferromagnetic thin films for both spin injection and spin detection. As it is not based on magnetoresistance, the hot-electron spin injection and spin detection avoids impedance mismatch issues and prevents interference from parasitic effects. The clean collector current shows independent magnetic and electrical control of spin precession, and thus confirms spin coherent drift in the conduction band of silicon.     

Thermal spin current from a ferromagnet to silicon by Seebeck spin tunnelling

Heat generation by electric current, which is ubiquitous in electronic devices and circuits, raises energy consumption and will become increasingly problematic in future generations of high-density electronics. The control and re-use of heat are therefore important topics for existing and emerging technologies, including spintronics. Recently it was reported that heat flow within a ferromagnet can produce a flow of spin angular momentum-a spin current-and an associated voltage. This spin Seebeck effect has been observed in metallic, insulating and semiconductor ferromagnets with temperature gradients across them. Here we describe and report the demonstration of Seebeck spin tunnelling-a distinctly different thermal spin flow, of purely interfacial nature-generated in a tunnel contact between electrodes of different temperatures when at least one of the electrodes is a ferromagnet. The Seebeck spin current is governed by the energy derivative of the tunnel spin polarization. By exploiting this in ferromagnet-oxide-silicon tunnel junctions, we observe thermal transfer of spins from the ferromagnet to the silicon without a net tunnel charge current. The induced spin accumulation scales linearly with heating power and changes sign when the temperature differential is reversed. This thermal spin current can be used by itself, or in combination with electrical spin injection, to increase device efficiency. The results highlight the engineering of heat transport in spintronic devices and facilitate the functional use of heat.