面子理论视角下电影字幕翻译中的礼貌等值浅析——基于电影《生死朗读》中英字幕的分析

哈提姆和梅森对字幕翻译中礼貌的论述是以Brown＆Levinson的＂面子理论＂为基础,以字幕文本为话语分析的对象,分析原文中言语行为中体现出的礼貌是否准确地传递到了译文中。本文试图在此模式框架下分析电影《生死朗读》的中译本,并试图提出如何在字幕翻译中达到＂礼貌等值＂。     

英语交际中的面子和顾及面子策略

语言是表达礼貌的重要手段：言语行为受礼貌制约,由面子来维系。在不同的社会,人们的言语行为方式的制约有其独特的意义。本文在探讨构成面子的两个方面和威胁面子行为的基础上。指出英汉两种语言在有关面子问题上存在的一些语用文化价值差异,提出了维护面子的策略,以期对交往中的礼貌和面子有更全面的认识。从而用英语进行更礼貌的跨文化交际。     

也谈礼貌的相对性——兼评Brown和Levinson的“面子保全论”

Brown和Levinson的"面子保全论"是一种策略性的礼貌理论,适合描写和解释西方文化中的礼貌现象,对崇尚集体主义的东方文化解释力不强。同时,不同文化中表示礼貌的方式和方法以及人们用以判断礼貌的标准具有差异性,所以礼貌是相对的。Brown和Levinson的礼貌理论忽略了中西"面子"的文化差异,没有区分真实礼貌与虚假礼貌,也未提及礼貌与文化语境的关系,因此具有明显的缺陷和不足。     

礼貌、权势与欺骗的语言机制——电视剧《星火》实例分析

多数研究者认为礼貌的言语行为是为降低人类交往中潜在的矛盾和冲突而设置的一种人类交往体系。但是,在实际的交际活动中,礼貌策略既可以构成社交中的一致性和合作性,也可以被利用来达到交际中的某种目的。在特定的话语环境中,说话人如何以礼貌为幌子,从而达到欺骗的目的;礼貌言语及其策略不仅无法避免冲突,反而加深矛盾,激化矛盾,最终导致冲突,是我们进行礼貌的语言研究的重要问题。     

中西"面子"差异探析

继Grice的合作原则之后，Brown和Levinson提出了“面子理论”（Face Management View），它是用于论述和解释礼貌现象的一个颇具影响力的理论。作为礼貌理论之一的面子论在中西方情境中存在着许多差异。探究其差异之成因，涉及到历史文化等多方面。     

礼貌原则的基本特征及其运用

随着言语交际学的兴起与发展,礼貌语言的研究愈来愈受到人们的关注,成为言语交际学中不可忽视的内容.言语交际的效果好坏,成功与否在很大程度上取决于对礼貌原则的掌握和运用.本文正是从这一考虑出发,由汉语语言现象入手,借鉴国内外学者在此领域的研究成果,对言语交际中应遵循的礼貌原则及其运用这一课题作了些探讨.言语交际中的礼貌原则可以归纳为以下五个基本特征:依次为得体性、谦恭性、亲密性、高雅性、策略性.     

礼貌原则的中西文化对比

本文从G.Leech所提出的礼貌原则为起点,从文化角度出发,阐释了Leech在西方文化背景下提出的礼貌原则未必适合用于衡量中国文化中人们的礼貌言语行为,因为中国人的“礼貌”是与传统的“礼”制紧密相连的,是一种上尊下卑、维护社会等级差序的礼貌原则,而西方人的“礼貌”则是为了体现人与人之间的平等。由于有这种根深蒂固且性质迥异的文化差异,中西方持不同的面子观,从而也选择了不同的礼貌准则来维护“面子”。     

英汉礼貌用语对比案例研究

从语用迁移的理论视角，以案例分析为依托，具体分析了英汉礼貌用语以及双方的面子维持和礼貌策略，采用积极礼貌和消极礼貌策略、关联性与独立性等概念，分析英汉两种语言在具体的间接言语行为方面的文化差异。本文从一个项目的招标、投标和最终中标，和签订协议的过程中所产生的信件为基础，就双方的礼貌策略和面子维持策略，包括感谢、祝贺、以及其他表情性文字等进行详细的分析，并据此来分析翻译中必要的调整。     

从关联论角度看礼貌言语行为

关于礼貌的研究绝大部分都忽视了心理语言学的作用,本文将从语用关联论角度来解释礼貌言语行为,旨在说明礼貌是使用者在不同语境下对语言语境、语言意图以及语言文化等关联性期待理解的结果,更加重视语言交际者的关联性理解,而不是通过具体框架来规约礼貌言语行为。关联理论对礼貌现象的分析更具有普遍性和说服力。     

合作原则和礼貌原则的跨文化视角

合作原则和礼貌原则是语用学中关于会话的两个重要的理论,它们是人类社会语言行为研究领域中的重大成果。但这些理论的提出并没有充分考虑到文化差异这个因素,而这与日益频繁的国际交流是极不相称的。本文正是从跨文化的角度分析中西社会文化背景下的人们在会话中的对于合作原则和礼貌原则在理解和体现方面的差异。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.