圆形隧洞各向异性渗流的研究

基于饱和均质介质中,圆形隧洞各向同性稳定渗流的一个解析解,利用等效渗透系数法、坐标变换及流量不变法则,导出饱和成层介质中,圆形隧洞各向异性稳定渗流的解析解.结合有限单元法计算精度的要求,以及Polubarinova-Kochina隧洞渗流流量计算假设,对圆形隧洞各向异性稳定渗流孔隙水压分布的解析式进行替换和简化,推导出进行渗流场分析时确定有限元分析合理计算区域的理论公式,并对圆形隧洞各向异性稳定渗流孔隙水压和洞周流量的理论解和有限元解进行数值比对和误差分析.     

各向异性低渗储层渗流特征分析

各向异性、启动压力梯度和应力敏感现象是低渗油藏最显著的特征。建立了同时考虑以上三因素的低速非达西渗流数学模型,考虑方程强烈的非线性,用近似的解法求出稳定渗流以及不稳定渗流方程的解;根据物质平衡原理,得到了定产量、变产量和定流压生产时动边界的运动规律、地层压力分布特征以及产量变化规律。结果表明,各向异性地层激动区边界以椭圆形式向外拓展,改变了井网合理井排距;启动压力梯度和应力敏感使油井产能降低,边界移动速度变慢,单井控制面积减小,增大了油藏的开采难度。     

各向异性油藏水平井线性井网渗流场分析

为了直观地反映各向异性油藏水平井线性井网地层压力分布及流体运动轨迹的特点,建立了各向异性油藏水平井不稳定渗流的数学模型,利用源汇理论、Newman乘积法及压降叠加原理获得了各向异性油藏水平井井网不稳定渗流地层压力公式,给出了流线生成方法,研究了水平井线性井网渗流场分布规律。结果表明:储层各向异性和生产时间对水平井线性井网渗流场影响较大。在不同的各向异性强度下存在着不同的最佳井排距,使水驱波及效率和水平井的产能达到最大。生产时间越长,则压力传播范围越广,采出程度越高。利用本文方法产生的流场图能够为各向异性油藏水平井开发井网设计、剩余油分析及注入方案的优化提供科学依据。     

三维各向异性渗流模型

本文采用位置空间重整化群和蒙特－卡罗模拟方法，研究了三维各向异性渗流模型。分别计算出其临界值Ｐｃ和临界指数α，β，γ，δ，νηΔ等值。结果表明：１．三维次近临各向异性渗流问题与最近邻各向同性的渗流问题属于不同的普适类。２．临界指数仅与格点内部的联接方式有关。     

隧道渗流的数值方法

用边界元方法，求解了各向异性介质的渗流场问题，计算了双孔洞隧道周围渗流区域的水压分布，并分析了渗流区域不同边界条件对水压分布的影响。     

各向异性岩石方向渗透率计算模型

岩石颗粒沉积过程中的取向性导致岩石渗透率具有各向异性,各向异性岩石渗透率的确定在油气田开发研究中是一项重要而且基础的工作。首先分析了各向异性岩石的渗流特征,各向异性岩石的渗透率使用张量描述,渗流速度方向与压力梯度方向一般不平行。基于此,分析了原岩石方向渗透率计算模型的不足,指出原模型没有考虑各向异性岩石渗流速度方向与压力梯度方向不一致的特征,进而推导并建立了新的各向异性岩石方向渗透率计算模型。通过新老模型计算得到的方向渗透率与实测渗透率进行对比。结果显示,新的计算模型与实测值更加吻合。计算模型可用于计算油藏不同方向上的传导率以及各向异性油藏中不同方位上的井距设计,相比原模型更加准确。     

大坝渗流的边界元分析

本文采用边界元方法计算了二维正交各向异性大坝的渗流问题，得到大坝内部压力分布，分析了在给定水深情况下坝体的稳定性，为实际的工程应用提供了理论依据．     

各向异性油藏水平井渗流和产能分析

用拟三维方法分析了各向异性油藏的渗透率主值、主方向和油藏边界对水平井渗流的影响，给出了各向异性油藏内水平井渗流的压力场、流场分布及产量的解析解。结果表明，水平井的控制储量和产能由水平井方位、各向异性渗透率主值及主方向共同决定。计算产能时不仅要考虑边界占到井位的距离，还必须考虑边界点所处的位置。水平井与最大渗透率方向之间夹角越大及各向异性越强，则水平井的控制储量和产能越大。水平井筒中的流量分布及水平井所在直线上的压力分布既不受水平井方位的影响，也不受渗透率各向异性的影响。当油藏的水平方向迟度远大于其厚度时，水平方向渗透率对产能的影响明显大于垂向渗透率。水平井偏离地层的垂向中心位置越远，且水平井长度（相对于地层厚度）越小，水平井的产能越小。各向异性渗透率介质中的等压线不与流线相互正交。     

船闸闸室灌泄水过程非稳定渗流特性

为了研究船闸闸室在非均质成层地基、灌泄水条件下的非稳定渗流特性,根据渗流基本理论,将渗流分为固结渗流与瞬时稳定渗流。以工程实例为依托,利用有限元软件ABAQUS建立二维渗流模型,模拟船闸灌泄水过程,考虑流固耦合,分析非稳定渗流特性及影响。结果表明,随着灌泄水的周期性变化,测压管水位存在周期性、衰减性与滞后性;在灌泄水过程中,存在泄水、灌水速度零点;泄水末期,非稳定渗流计算的渗透应力沿高程均大于低水稳定渗流计算值,渗透稳定系数降低,发生渗透破坏的可能性加大。因此,在船闸防渗设计中应充分考虑非稳定渗流场的影响。     

堤防工程渗流方面分析

影响渗流形成的因素主要和洪水水位历时、堤防填筑材料的渗流特性、堤防断面形式、堤基透水性等因素有关，同时在堤防稳定渗流计算时，典型洪水过程的选取与水库等工程的选取原则有不同之处，并初步提出一套确定能否形成稳定渗流形成的方法和思路，以及稳定渗流计算水位的确定，供大家共同探讨。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.