钨酸盐/H2O2/[HNMP][HSO4]体系的催化氧化脱硫性能

采用钨酸盐/H2O2/N-甲基吡咯烷酮硫酸氢盐([HNMP][HSO4])体系对模拟燃油和实际燃油进行深度催化氧化脱硫研究。采用X线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)以及热分析仪(TG)对合成的2种Keggin型钨酸盐(烷基硅钨酸铵(Q4Si W)和烷基磷钨酸铵(Q3PW))进行表征。考察不同脱硫体系、不同催化剂、催化剂用量、H2O2用量、反应温度和不同硫化物等对模拟油脱硫效果的影响。结果表明:在反应温度60℃,反应时间4 h,模拟油3 g,[HNMP][HSO4]1 g,n(O)∶n(S)∶n(催化剂)=300∶50∶1,Q4Si W为催化剂条件下,此催化氧化体系对噻吩(TS)、苯并噻吩(BT)和二苯并噻吩(DBT)的脱硫率分别为54.2%、87.4%以及99.1%,且重复使用5次,催化氧化性能并未明显降低。     

TiSiW12O40/TiO2催化合成肉桂酸甲酯

采用高压微波辐射技术，以固载杂多酸盐TiSiW12O40／TiO2为多相催化剂，通过甲醇和肉桂酸反应合成肉桂酸甲酯。实验结果表明，TiSiW12O40／TiO2是合成肉桂酸甲酯的良好催化剂，最佳反应条件为：n(醇)：n(酸)=5：1，催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的2．0％，微波功率729W，辐射时间3min．产品平均收率97．4％。     

S2O82-/TiO2-ZrO2固体酸催化废弃动植物油脂制备生物柴油

本文制备了S2O82-/TiO2-ZrO2固体酸催化剂,对其催化废弃动植物油脂与甲醇发生酯交换反应制备生物柴油的反应条件进行了研究。结果表明,催化剂S2O82-/TiO2-ZrO2表现出了较高的催化活性,S2O82-/TiO2-ZrO2在反应压力3.5KPa下催化废弃动植物油脂的最佳酯交换反应条件为:反应温度为125℃,醇油摩尔比10:1,催化剂用量5%,反应时间3 h,此时废弃动植物油脂的酯化率超过89%,且催化剂重复和再生使用效果良好。     

H3PW12O40/H2O2/H2O体系催化氧化苯甲醇合成苯甲醛

合成一系列杂多酸(盐)并采用红外光谱对其进行表征,研究它们对苯甲醇氧化合成苯甲醛反应的催化性能.并以H3PW1 2O40为催化剂,分别考察溶剂类型、反应时间、反应温度、催化剂用量和H2O2用量对该反应的影响,并且初步探讨该反应的反应机理.实验结果表明:5种杂多酸(盐)均具有Keggin型结构,以水为溶剂时,5种杂多酸(盐)均具有催化活性,其中H3PW12O40催化活性最高.在催化剂用量0.04mmol、w(H2O2)=30%的H2O2用量0.015mol、反应时间3.5h、反应温度90℃、溶剂水用量10mL的优化反应条件下,苯甲醇的转化率为95.59%,苯甲醛的收率可达91.62%.由此可知,H3PW12O40/H2O2/H2O体系是环境友好的高效催化体系,具有工业化应用前景.     

H3PW12O40/ZrO2催化合成环己酮乙二醇缩酮

合成了一种复合催化剂H3PW12O40/ZrO2,以环己酮和1,2-丙二醇为原料合成环己酮1,2-丙二醇缩酮为探针反应,对合成该催化剂的焙烧温度、焙烧时间及负载量进行了探究。将优化条件下制得的H3PW12O40/ZrO2为催化剂,以环己酮和乙二醇为原料合成环己酮乙二醇缩酮。探讨H3PW12O40/ZrO2对缩酮反应的催化活性,较系统地研究了酮醇物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间等因素对产物收率的影响。实验表明:H3PW12O40/ZrO2是合成环己酮乙二醇缩酮的良好催化剂,固定环己酮用量为0.15 mol,在n(环己酮):n(乙二醇)=1:1.6,催化剂用量为0.25 g,带水剂环己烷为12 mL,反应时间90 min的适宜条件下,环己酮乙二醇缩酮的收率可达72.2%。     

SNOX法催化脱除模拟烟气中NO○x及SO2实验研究

为了实际考察SNOX方法的工艺条件对烟气中NO○x及SO2的催化脱除效果,针对NO○x的催化还原反应,采用浸渍法制备CuO/γ-Al2O3催化剂,考察了反应温度、空间速度、n(NH3)/n(NO○x)、SO2浓度对NO○x转化率的影响;针对SO2催化氧化反应,采用筛选出的V2O5催化剂,实验考察了反应温度、空间速度、n(O2)/n(SO2)对SO2转化率的影响.以实验研究成果为依据,进行了反应动力学计算.研究结果表明,在实验确定的最佳工艺条件下,NO○x还原率可达87.5%,经两级氧化SO2的转化率达94.3%.     

H3PW6Mo6O40/SiO2催化合成4-苯基-6-甲基-5-乙氧羰基-3,4-二氢嘧啶-2（H）-酮

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备H3PW6Mo6O40/SiO2催化剂,以苯甲醛,乙酰乙酸乙酯和尿素为原料,无水乙醇为溶剂催化合成4-苯基-6-甲基-5-乙氧羰基-3,4-二氢嘧啶-2(H)-酮,研究结果表明:反应物的摩尔比、反应温度、催化剂用量和反应时间是影响4-苯基-6-甲基-5-乙氧羰基-3,4-二氢嘧啶-2(H)-酮合成收率的重要因素.当n(苯甲醛)∶n(乙酰乙酸乙酯)∶n(尿素)=1.0∶1.2∶1.5,反应温度为90℃,催化剂的用量占反应物料总质量的1.5%,反应时间为75min时,产品收率可达70.3%.通过熔点、IR、1 H NMR和MS对合成目标化合物进行了表征确认.     

二氧化钛负载磷钨钼杂多酸催化合成丁醛乙二醇缩醛

采用浸渍法制备了二氧化钛负载磷钨钼杂多酸催化剂H3PW6Mo6O40/TiO2,该催化剂的适宜制备条件为:原料质量比m(TiO2)∶m(H3PW6Mo6O40)=1∶1,水的用量30 mL,浸渍时间12 h,活化温度150℃。以H3PW6Mo6O40/TiO2为催化剂,对以丁醛与乙二醇为原料合成丁醛乙二醇缩醛的反应条件进行了研究,较系统地研究了丁醛与乙二醇摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间对收率影响。实验结果表明,在n(丁醛)∶n(乙二醇)=1.0∶1.4、催化剂用量占反应物料总质量的0.8%、反应时间1.5 h的条件下,丁醛乙二醇缩醛的收率达51.3%.     

H4SiW12O40/ZrO2-Al2O3催化合成己二酸

以环己酮为原料,w(H2O2)=30%的过氧化氢为氧化剂,在硫酸氢钠作为助剂的条件下,采用H4SiW12O40/ZrO2-Al2O3作催化剂合成己二酸。探讨H4SiW12O40/ZrO2-Al2O3对合成己二酸的催化活性,较系统地研究了催化剂用量、氧化剂用量、酸性助剂硫酸氢钠用量及反应时间四因素对反应的影响。实验表明:H4SiW12O40/ZrO2-Al2O3催化剂是合成己二酸的良好催化剂,在固定环己酮用量为0.1mol的情况下,当催化剂用量为2g,氧化剂用量为50mL,酸性助剂硫酸氢钠的用量为0.05g,反应时间为6h的优化条件下,产品收率可达78.7%。     

模型催化剂VOx/TiO2（110）的高分辨电子能量损失谱研究

模型催化研究能够更好认识催化过程,指导催化剂的合成.在TiO2(110)单晶上制备了VOx膜,采用俄歇电子能谱(AES)、低能电子衍射(LEED)、高分辨电子能量损失谱(HREELS)考察其结构和物理化学性质,及V-TiO2相互作用和热稳定性.结果表明,真空蒸着法制备的V/TiO2(110)界面发生明显的氧化还原作用,出现了VOx和低价Ti,暴露O2后低价Ti即被氧化回+4价,表面发生重构恢复到(1×1).在O2氛围中制备的VOx/TiO2(110)结构和V的价态会随覆盖度的增加发生变化,利用这种制备方法制备的VOx/TiO2(110)具有较多缺陷位,低温退火(≤600K)可使结构变得更规整.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-