矮嵩草无性系对不同放牧强度的生长反应

对不同放牧强度下 (放牧强度分别为每公顷 0、2、4、8只二龄藏羊 )高寒草甸矮嵩草无性系分株组成和克隆生长进行了研究。结果表明 :随着放牧强度的增加 ,单位面积 ( 1 0cm2 ×1 0cm2 )矮嵩草无性系、营养和生殖分株种群生物量总体呈减少趋势 ,生殖分蘖中种子数呈增加趋势 ;矮嵩草无性系营养分株生物量所占比例均小于生殖分株 ,分别为 35 66%、35 75 %、38 2 2 %和 40 40 %。营养分株中分蘖数量和生物量随放牧强度的增加呈上升趋势 ,叶片的变化不很明显     

土壤水分含量对■草草坪生理生态特征影响的研究

在2012年6-9月期间,以草地早熟禾草坪为对照,研究了3种土壤水分含量对■草草坪生态生理特征的影响,结论如下:1)■草最大草群高度低于20cm,平均分蘖数为63个/株,草屑量和根系量分别为草地早熟禾草坪的75.06%和58.54%,表现出明显的低高度、密丛生和对土壤营养物质低消耗的特点;2)同一水分处理下■草叶片含水量、游离脯氨酸含量都分别低于草地早熟禾,■草日均蒸腾速率是草地早熟禾的75.16%,日均水分利用率为草地早熟禾1.32倍,■草草坪群落日平均蒸散率比草地早熟禾草坪低24%左右;3)40%FC处理下■草草坪的株高、分蘖数、盖度、地下生物量都分别显著低于60%FC和80%FC水分处理,但各个生理指标在三个水分处理间均没有显著差异.     

入侵种喜旱莲子草对土壤水分的表型可塑性反应

研究了水生、湿生、中生和旱生生境条件下外来入侵种喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart．)Griseb．)表型可塑性反应．结果表明：喜旱莲子草株长、茎节长度、总生物量积累在湿生和中生生境中最大;随土壤含水量减少,喜旱莲子草根冠比显著升高,分枝强度显著降低;土壤含水量与喜旱莲子草根系生物量投资呈显著负相关,茎、叶生物量投资随土壤含水量的减少而下降．研究结果表明,喜旱莲子草的最适宜水分生态位是湿生生境,在不同水分条件下,其不同表型结构有可能同时对环境选择作出反应,在种群生存与维持、生长、繁殖等功能方面实现种群个体各器官生物量投资的优化配置来适应多样化的环境．     

10种重庆乡土植物幼苗耐旱性研究

盆栽条件下对黄荆、山毛豆、金发草、狼尾草等10种重庆乡土植物幼苗采取控水方式进行水分胁迫处理,同时设置施用保水剂处理.测定了土壤含水量、叶片水势、土壤水势、比叶面积、蒸腾速率、气孔导度这几个影响植物抗旱性的主要指标,采用隶属函数法进行综合评定.结果表明:施用保水剂能够有效缓解干旱胁迫对植物的伤害.6种灌木耐旱性由强到弱依次为:黄荆、车桑子、山毛豆、截叶胡枝子、多花木兰、猪屎豆;4种草本耐旱性由强到弱依次为:金发草、狼尾草、头花蓼、斑茅.     

铝处理对豌豆幼苗生长和热值的影响

用不同氯化铝(AlCl3)浓度(0、2、4、6 mmol/L)的培养液处理豌豆幼苗,研究在Al处理条件下豌豆幼苗的生长和热值变化.结果表明,当Al浓度高于2 mmol/L时,豌豆幼苗的根长、茎长、叶片数及各器官含水量等均下降,生物量、叶绿素含量和热值也随Al浓度的增加而下降,豌豆的光合生长受到显著影响.Al浓度为6 mmol/L时,豌豆根、茎、叶的生物量分别下降22.92 %、22.18 %和56.89 %,以叶片降幅最大;热值分别下降21.87 %、6.58 %和3.49 %,根对Al处理最为敏感.     

干旱胁迫对接种AMF的香樟幼苗生物量分配及生长的影响

采用3种丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)——幼套球囊霉(Glomus etunicatum,GE)、摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae,GM)和层状球囊霉(Glomus lamellosum,GL)分别对香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)种子单一接种、混合接种以及不接种(对照)处理,对90 d大幼苗进行不同程度的干旱胁迫:正常供水(NW,土壤含水量为田间持水量的80%~90%)、轻度干旱胁迫(MW,土壤含水量为田间持水量的60%~70%)、中度干旱胁迫(MS,土壤含水量为田间持水量的56%~60%)、重度干旱胁迫(SS,土壤含水量为田间持水量的35%~40%);150 d后对香樟生长指标进行测定。结果表明,在不同干旱胁迫下,除GM外接种AMF提高了香樟幼苗植株总生物量和抗旱性,而在SS条件下接种AMF显著促进了幼苗的生长(p<0.05);在干旱胁迫下接种AMF通过影响植株的生长性状来影响植物的生物量分配;在干旱胁迫下,菌种差异通过影响叶面积来影响幼苗根、叶生物分配从而影响幼苗的总生物量积累和生长;在干旱胁迫下,菌种组合的方式则对幼苗生物量分配与生长均无显著影响;在喀斯特地区多种菌种共存不是以简单的叠加来发挥它们的影响效应,而是通过多种菌种应对不同的水分条件,发挥不同的抗旱效应来影响植物的生长性状,从而优化植物生物量的分配,维持植物在干旱生境下的生长。
     

干旱胁迫对接种AMF的香樟幼苗生物量分配及生长的影响

采用3种丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)——幼套球囊霉(Glomus etunicatum,GE)、摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae,GM)和层状球囊霉(Glomus lamellosum,GL)分别对香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)种子单一接种、混合接种以及不接种(对照)处理,对90d大幼苗进行不同程度的干旱胁迫:正常供水(NW,土壤含水量为田间持水量的80%~90%)、轻度干旱胁迫(MW,土壤含水量为田间持水量的60%~70%)、中度干旱胁迫(MS,土壤含水量为田间持水量的56%~60%)、重度干旱胁迫(SS,土壤含水量为田间持水量的35%~40%);150d后对香樟生长指标进行测定。结果表明,在不同干旱胁迫下,除GM外接种AMF提高了香樟幼苗植株总生物量和抗旱性,而在SS条件下接种AMF显著促进了幼苗的生长(p0.05);在干旱胁迫下接种AMF通过影响植株的生长性状来影响植物的生物量分配;在干旱胁迫下,菌种差异通过影响叶面积来影响幼苗根、叶生物分配从而影响幼苗的总生物量积累和生长;在干旱胁迫下,菌种组合的方式则对幼苗生物量分配与生长均无显著影响;在喀斯特地区多种菌种共存不是以简单的叠加来发挥它们的影响效应,而是通过多种菌种应对不同的水分条件,发挥不同的抗旱效应来影响植物的生长性状,从而优化植物生物量的分配,维持植物在干旱生境下的生长。     

土壤水分含量对银杏生长及生物量分配的影响

应用温室盆栽试验方法,采用完全随机试验设计,研究了1 年生银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)实生苗在不同土壤水分条件下的生长和生物量分配。试验共设16 个处理,即4 个银杏半同胞家系(44 号、11 号、55 号、32号)、4种水分水平(土壤含水量为土壤田间持水量的80%,60%,40%和20%),处理时间为100 d。研究结果表明:(1)银杏4家系相对高生长、相对地径生长、生物量增量、单株叶面积、单株根系体积等均随着土壤水分含量的减少而减少;(2)55号和44号家系随着土壤水分含量的减少,根冠比逐渐增大,而32 号和11 号家系在前3种水分条件下随着土壤水分含量的减少,根冠比逐渐增大,但在W4 水分条件下,根冠比均减少;(3)随着土壤水分含量的减少,银杏4家系根、茎和叶生物量增量均减少,但不同的家系减少程度不同,4 个银杏家系在不同土壤水分条件下,根、茎和叶生物量增量均表现为根的最多,茎的次之,叶的最少;(4)不同家系银杏生物量增量分配到根系的比例随土壤水分含量的减少而增大,而分配到茎和叶中的比例则随着土壤水分含量的减少而减少。     

天津地区盐分与氮素对芦苇生长初期的影响

为了解天津湿地芦苇对地表水体咸化和氮负荷的响应机制,探究盐与氮对芦苇生长初期的影响,在室内土培条件下,模拟天津地表水中盐和氮的含量定期对芦苇进行灌溉,设计3个盐处理(NaCl质量分数分别为0.00%、0.16%和0.66%)和3个氮素处理(NH4NO3浓度分别为0、0.23和0.46 mmol/L),测量不同盐与氮作用下芦苇地上及地下生物量、根冠比、高度、分蘖数和根长等生长指标.结果表明:(1)随着盐度增加,芦苇的高度、地上部生物量、分蘖数显著降低,然而地下生物量和根长没有显著变化,根冠比随着盐度的增加而明显增加;(2)与对照组相比,不同氮浓度灌溉水没有对芦苇的高度、地上、地下生物量、根长及根冠比产生显著影响;(3)盐和氮的交互作用对芦苇地上和地下部分的生长均无显著影响.这些结果说明天津地表水中的盐分是抑制芦苇生长的主要因素,氮素水平相对较低,不会对该地区芦苇的生长产生明显影响.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区中间锦鸡儿的生长特征

在黄土丘陵沟壑区选取4种典型的梁峁沟坡生境(即丘顶、阳坡、阴坡、沟底),研究土壤水分特征和中间锦鸡儿的生长特征.结果表明:4个生境土壤含水量分别为阴坡11.2%,沟底7.31%,丘顶7.14%,阳坡4.66%,显著性分析表明,阴坡含水量显著高于其它生境,阳坡显著低于其它生境,丘顶和沟底含水量差异不显著;土壤水分可利用性由难到易依次为阴坡阳坡丘顶沟底.中间锦鸡儿的地上生物量和总生物量均表现为阳坡最大、丘顶和阴坡次之、沟底最小;不同生境中间锦鸡儿生物量资源分配差异显著,表现为阳坡叶生物量分配最大,沟底茎生物量分配最大,丘顶根生物量分配最大;中间锦鸡儿的根系可塑性强,阳坡根系入土最深,丘顶根系水平分布最广,阴坡根系的垂直和水平生长能力均较强.生长特征分析结果表明:中间锦鸡儿在阳坡的生长优于其它生境,由于根系发达能在以砒砂岩为基质的阴坡生长良好.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.