基于辐射模拟反演ETM 数据宽波段反照率

利用增强的专题制图仪 (Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus,ETM )数据,先针对各种下垫面反射率特征不同,对地物类型进行分类,以便减少邻近效应和模拟传感器未包含的谱段数据。借助卫星同步观测的气象数据,通过6S(Second Simulation of Satellite Signal inthe Solar Spectrum)模型对ETM 可见光、近红外6个波段数据进行了大气纠正。以ETM 可见光和近红外波段波谱范围为单位谱段,将整个短波波段(0·3~4μm)分为13个光谱域,利用ASTER光谱数据库和实测地表反射率数据,6S模拟获取各ETM 观测波段和未观测波段地表入射光通量密度和反射光通量密度,计算每一个光谱域入射能量占整个短波入射能量中的权重,并反演地表窄波段反照率。然后,各波段能量权重作为转换参数,实现窄波段反照率向宽波段反照率的转换。结果表明,模型反演和卫星同步观测的实测地表反照率之间最大相对误差17·9%,作者提出的方法可行。     

由遥感数据获取的地表反照率归一化问题探讨

以洛河流域为研究区域,以反照率为研究对象,根据同时相的ETM 与MODIS数据探讨了地表参数的一致性问题.在对ETM 影像进行地形与大气校正的基础上,利用窄波段反射率组合方法获取了研究区的地表反照率,通过ETM 反演的反照率与MODIS二向反射函数(BRDF)反演的反照率产品的对比分析得出了两者间的关系.     

基于6S模型的可见光、近红外遥感数据的大气校正

受大气吸收与散射的影响,电磁波在大气—目标物—遥感器途径传输过程中发生失真,造成目标地物反射辐射能量到达遥感器时被衰减。给计算地表反照率/反射率和地表温度等关键参数带来较大的误差。选择陆地卫星7号ETM+遥感影像的可见光、近红外波段数据,利用6S模型,进行大气辐射校正和反射率反演。同步气象数据用于遥感器所接受的大气顶部辐射的模拟、验证和评价6S对大气校正的可靠性。最后对ETM+可见光和近红外波段数据大气校正前后的反射辐射和均一化植被指数（NDVI）的变化进行了对比研究。     

山西三大盆地蒸散量的遥感研究

表面能量平衡系统是应用卫星对地观测的可见光、近红外和热红外波段资料,结合实测气象数据或大气模式输出数据,根据表面能量平衡原理估算不同尺度的地表大气湍流通量,从而估算地表相对蒸散的一种方法。在水文地质、NOAA卫星及地面气象数据的基础上,对大同、忻州和临汾3个盆地的区域蒸散进行了估算,评价了区域蒸散的分布规律,并对其影响因素进行了分析。     

基于Landsat8地表温度反演 ——以淮河上游为例

选用Landsat 8TRIS 10数据,采用改进后的普适性单通道算法对淮河流域上游地区卫星影像进行亮度温度反演.利用可见光波段、近红外波段对研究区的地表发射率进行计算,结合大气水分含量反演出研究区真实地表温度,反演精度较高,结果表明改进后的普适性单通道算法在中尺度区域适用性较好.探讨了中、大尺度区域地表温度反演可能面临的问题.     

中高分辨率地表反照率反演算法

为了在中高分辨率地表反照率遥感反演算法中体现地表反射各向异性特征,以两景Landsat-8地表反射率数据为例,利用在时空对应的MODISBRDF产品中提取的地表反射各向异性先验知识,反演得到30 m空间分辨率的地表反照率产品,并将结果与朗伯假设地表反照率和地面站点实测反照率数据进行比较.结果表明:(1)基于朗伯假设所得地表反照率与地表实测反照率存在明显差异,这种差异会随太阳天顶角的变化而变化,最大相对差异约为4%;(2)基于MODIS BRDF产品提取的地表反射各向异性先验知识可以较好地改善地表反照率的反演精度,与地面实测数据具有更好的一致性.     

TM图像大气校正及其对地物光谱响应特征的影响分析

基于辐射传输理论的大气校正模型,具有明确的物理意义,易于操作,应用广泛.虽然这类模型通常会提供几种标准大气模式供用户选择,但是有限的几种模式难以合理描述具体研究区的大气状况,因此,在缺乏实测资料时,有必要对大气参数进行合理选择或估计,参数的选择直接影响大气校正的结果.因此,首先对Landsat-5 TM图像大气校正参数的确定进行了详尽分析,然后从光谱响应曲线、归一化植被指数(NDVI)、能见度等方面,探讨了大气校正对TM图像地物光谱响应特征的影响.研究表明:(1)TM图像经大气校正后,地物在可见光波段反射率明显减小,而在近红外和短波红外反射率增大;(2)大气校正后的NDVI增幅明显;(3)能见度对水体和植被在可见光波段的地表反射率影响均较大;在近红外波段对水体的影响比对植被的更为强烈;随着能见度的增大,地物地表反射率增大.采用的参数确定方法可为类似研究提供参考与借鉴.     

GF-1 WFV与Landsat-8 OLI和Sentinel-2A MSI遥感图像光谱信息转换研究

地表环境的宏观动态监测研究中,受卫星回归周期及天气的影响,单颗卫星难以获取长期、连续的光学遥感数据,因此,定量分析多平台遥感数据的光谱信息关系是十分必要的.本研究基于两组同日过境的无云卫星影像(GF-1与Landsat-8和Sentinel-2A),结合地面调查数据,进行了不同传感器影像间对应波段的光谱信息对比,并通过统计回归分析获得了两组卫星对应波段(蓝、绿、红和近红外)的反射率转换方程.研究结果显示,GF-1与Landsat-8和GF-1与Sentinel-2A对应波段的反射率都具有很强的相关性,得到的转换方程能够对上述三种卫星数据间对应波段的光谱信息实现高精度的转换.本研究能够实现同日多光谱遥感数据的光谱信息转换及协同应用,并为区域资源环境的长期定量遥感监测提供技术支持.     

扬花期冬小麦叶面积指数高光谱遥感反演研究

利用扬花期冬小麦实测冠层高光谱数据与同步叶面积指数(LAI)数据,分析350～1 000 nm波段范围内冠层反射率与LAI之间的相关性,分别在蓝波段、红波段、绿波段及近红外波段选取光谱特征波段,并用其计算6种被广泛应用于植被LAI反演的植被指数.通过相关分析、回归分析等统计方法,构建扬花期冬小麦LAI反演模型并进行真实性检验.研究结果表明,6种植被指数与冬小麦LAI均具有显著相关性,其中NDGI和EVI反演模型效果较好,拟合方程决定系数R~2均高于0. 6,分别为0. 634和0. 623.最后通过精度验证,得出结论:EVI反演模型R~2最高,为0. 779,故选取EVI为自变量的二次模型为扬花期冬小麦LAI最佳反演模型.研究可为作物长势监测及产量估算等提供一定的理论依据.     

采用地表反射率模型的Landsat时序数据集重构

选择福州市区东部面积近300 km²的区域作为研究区,基于地表反射率模型,对2013-2016年研究区内所有的有效像元进行拟合,重构时序数据集,并通过原始影像与实测光谱对拟合结果进行评价.研究结果表明:拟合结果与原始影像在蓝、绿、红、近红外波段的相关系数均高于0.9,可见光波段均方根误差在0.01左右,近红外波段略高于0.02;拟合结果能清晰地表达不同类型植被的物候差异,与原始影像、实测归一化植被指数(NDVI)均保持较高的一致性;基于重构的数据集,可以保证选择相同时相的数据进行年度植被变化监测,进一步提高植被动态变化监测的准确性和实效性.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-